scholarly journals UNBIASED STEREOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maziar Davanlou ◽  
Donald F Smith
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cell Types

The total numbers of neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells in rat cerebral cortex were estimated using unbiased stereological counting techniques and systematic sampling. The reference volume chosen was the entire neocortex, most of the allocortex and parts of claustrum using the rhinal fissure as the macroscopical anatomical landmark. These regions are referred to collectively as syncortex. A method has been devised for reducing problems associated with the uncertainties that arise when distinguishing between various types of cells. At the light microscopic level, using the detailed criteria described in this article, the total numbers of neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, respectively, were estimated for the entire syncortex as the product of the estimate of the volume of the syncortex, made with point counting techniques, and the estimates of the numerical density for each group of cells, made with optical disectors. In a sample of three brains, the mean total number of cells (neurons, glial and endothelial) in the syncortex of the rat brain is 128 x 106. This number is made up of 47% neurons, 24% glial cells, 17% endothelial cells, and 11% uncertain cell types (probably mostly glial cells).

scholarly journals Integration, coincidence detection and resonance in networks of spiking neurons expressing Gamma oscillations and asynchronous states

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. e1009416
Author(s):  
Eduarda Susin ◽  
Alain Destexhe
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Coincidence Detection ◽  
Biophysical Models ◽  
Firing Mode ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
External Stimuli

Gamma oscillations are widely seen in the awake and sleeping cerebral cortex, but the exact role of these oscillations is still debated. Here, we used biophysical models to examine how Gamma oscillations may participate to the processing of afferent stimuli. We constructed conductance-based network models of Gamma oscillations, based on different cell types found in cerebral cortex. The models were adjusted to extracellular unit recordings in humans, where Gamma oscillations always coexist with the asynchronous firing mode. We considered three different mechanisms to generate Gamma, first a mechanism based on the interaction between pyramidal neurons and interneurons (PING), second a mechanism in which Gamma is generated by interneuron networks (ING) and third, a mechanism which relies on Gamma oscillations generated by pacemaker chattering neurons (CHING). We find that all three mechanisms generate features consistent with human recordings, but that the ING mechanism is most consistent with the firing rate change inside Gamma bursts seen in the human data. We next evaluated the responsiveness and resonant properties of these networks, contrasting Gamma oscillations with the asynchronous mode. We find that for both slowly-varying stimuli and precisely-timed stimuli, the responsiveness is generally lower during Gamma compared to asynchronous states, while resonant properties are similar around the Gamma band. We could not find conditions where Gamma oscillations were more responsive. We therefore predict that asynchronous states provide the highest responsiveness to external stimuli, while Gamma oscillations tend to overall diminish responsiveness.

Cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex: a study using retroviral-mediated gene transfer

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Price ◽  
L. Thurlow
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retroviral Vector ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

We have used a retroviral vector that codes for the bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase to study cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex. This vector has been used to label progenitor cells in the cerebral cortices of rat embryos during the period of neurogenesis. When these embryos are allowed to develop to adulthood, the clones of cells derived from the marked progenitor cells can be identified histochemically. In this way, we can ask what are the lineage relationships between different neural cell types. From these studies, we conclude that there are two distinct types of progenitor cells in the developing cortex. One generates only grey matter astrocytes, whereas the second gives rise to neurones - both pyramidal and nonpyramidal - and to another class of cells that we have tentatively identified as glial cells of the white matter. We have also been able to address the question of how neurones are dispersed in the cortex during histogenesis. It had been previously hypothesized that clonally related neurones migrated radially to form columns in the mature cortex. However, we find that clones of neurones do not form radial columns; rather, they tend to occupy the same or neighbouring cortical laminae and to be spread over several hundreds of micrometers of cortex in the horizontal dimension. This spread occurs in both mediolateral and rostrocaudal directions.

EXPRESSION OF PLATELET ALLOANTIGENS ON HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND HEL CELLS

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Kawai ◽  
R R Montgomery ◽  
K Furihata ◽  
T J Kunicki
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Human Endothelial Cells ◽  
Immunoblot Assay ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
Erythroleukemia Cell ◽  
Different Cell Types

Analogs of platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa (GPIIb-IIIa) have been shown to be synthesized and expressed by human endothelial cells (HEC), a human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL) and various other cells. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the platelet alloantigen P1A1, is expressed on HEC GPIIIa. Other alloantigen systems, namely, Pen and Bak, are known to be localized on platelet GPIIIa and GPIIb, respectively. Utilizing additional antibodies from patients with PTP specific for Pena, Baka, and Bakb allo-antigens, and isoantibodies (iso-ab) from a patient with Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia (GT), we have studied cultured HEC and HEL cells for expression of epitopes recognized by these antibodies. HEC and HEL cells were meta-bolically labeled with 35S-methionine and lysed in 0.5% TX-100 in the presence of 5mM EDTA. Soluble antigens were immunoprecipitated with these antibodies coupled to Protein A-Sepharose and subjected to SDS-PAGE and fluorography. Anti-Pena and the GT iso-ab reacted with the GPIIb-IIIa complex from both HEC and HEL lysates, but anti-Baka and anti-Bakb failed to immunoprecipitate GPIIb-IIIa analogs from either HEC or HEL. In an immunoblot assay, the GT iso-ab bound to GPIIIa of both HEC and HEL. Anti-Pena failed to react with SDS-denatured proteins. HEL GPIIIa migrates slightly faster than HEC GPIIIa and slightly slower than platelet GPIIIa. These results indicate that the epitopes of platelet GPIIIa recognized by alloantibodies and isoantibodies are shared by GPIIIa analogs of HEC and HEL. GPIIb-associated alloantigens are not expressed by HEC and HEL GPIIb analogs, an observation that is consistent with the decreased structural homology between GPIIb analogs derived from different cell types.

scholarly journals Evidence for multiple precursor cell types in the embryonic rat cerebral cortex

Neuron ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda P Williams ◽  
Jack Price
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex

Cell-derived microparticles in haemostasis and vascular medicine

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (03) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Burnier ◽  
Pierre Fontana ◽  
Brenda R. Kwak ◽  
Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vascular Medicine ◽  
Disease Markers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Cell Types

SummaryConsiderable interest for cell-derived microparticles has emerged, pointing out their essential role in haemostatic response and their potential as disease markers, but also their implication in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. They derive from different cell types including platelets – the main source of microparticles – but also from red blood cells, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and they circulate in blood. Despite difficulties encountered in analyzing them and disparities of results obtained with a wide range of methods, microparticle generation processes are now better understood. However, a generally admitted definition of microparticles is currently lacking. For all these reasons we decided to review the literature regarding microparticles in their widest definition, including ectosomes and exosomes, and to focus mainly on their role in haemostasis and vascular medicine.

scholarly journals Excess neuronal branching allows for innervation of specific dendritic compartments in cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Bird ◽  
L H Deters ◽  
H Cuntz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Synaptic Currents ◽  
Spatial Organisation ◽  
Spine Length ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Subcellular Level

AbstractThe connectivity of cortical microcircuits is a major determinant of brain function; defining how activity propagates between different cell types is key to scaling our understanding of individual neuronal behaviour to encompass functional networks. Furthermore, the integration of synaptic currents within a dendrite depends on the spatial organisation of inputs, both excitatory and inhibitory. We identify a simple equation to estimate the number of potential anatomical contacts between neurons; finding a linear increase in potential connectivity with cable length and maximum spine length, and a decrease with overlapping volume. This enables us to predict the mean number of candidate synapses for reconstructed cells, including those realistically arranged. We identify an excess of putative connections in cortical data, with densities of neurite higher than is necessary to reliably ensure the possible implementation of any given connection. We show that potential contacts allow the particular implementation of connectivity at a subcellular level.

Cytoplasmic Mg2+ concentration in platelets: implications for determination of Ca2+ with aequorin

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. H855-H859
Author(s):  
J. A. Ware ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
E. T. Fossel ◽  
E. W. Salzman
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Null Point ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cell Types

The concentration of cytoplasmic ionized Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) varies considerably among different cell types. It has not been measured in platelets. Incorrect estimates of this value could markedly affect many intracellular investigations, including calibration of measurements of platelet cytoplasmic ionized Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) with the photoprotein aequorin and other Ca2+-sensitive probes. [Mg2+]i was measured in washed, gel-filtered human platelets suspended in modified Tyrode buffer by two methods: 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of intact platelets and null-point titration in platelets selectively permeabilized with digitonin. The 31P-NMR spectra demonstrated that the [Mg2+]i, as calculated from the chemical shift values of ATP resonances, was 0.23 +/- 0.02 (SD) mM in unstimulated platelets. The mean [Mg2+]i as determined by null-point titration was 0.3 +/- 0.1 mM (range: 0.1-0.6 mM). When this [Mg2+]i value was used to construct a Ca2+-calibration curve for aequorin, the indicated [Ca2+]i values in resting and stimulated platelets were lower than those obtained from curves based on previously assumed values for [Mg2+]i (1.0-1.25 mM). This finding largely resolves the discrepancy between resting [Ca2+]i as determined by aequorin or by quin2, fura-2, and indo-1.

scholarly journals The Biocompatibility of a New Erythritol-and Xyltol-Containing Fluoride Toothpaste

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Barbara Cvikl ◽  
Adrian Lussi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Fluoride Release ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Biofilm Removal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cell Types

The basic function of toothpastes is biofilm removal in order to prevent caries and gingivitis. Toothpastes should provide maximal fluoride availability, optimal abrasivity, and ingredients that do not interfere with fluoride release but should have additional beneficial effects. Further, the effect on cells of the oral cavity is of the utmost importance. We investigated several biological parameters of a new toothpaste (AirFlow-AF) that contains fluoride, xylitol and erythritol but no sodium lauryl sulfate and compared them to commercially available toothpastes (Zendium-Ze, Sensodyne-Se, OdolMed-OM, OralB-OB). The half lethal concentration (LC50) as well as the proliferation behavior on gingival (GF), periodontal ligament (PDL), and mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were was tested. The mean LC50 values of AF on GF, PDL, and L929 were 16.2, 10.9, and 9.3, respectively. In comparison, the four other toothpastes showed mean LC50 values of 1.5 (OB), 1.2 (OM), 1.4 (Se), and 27.7 (Ze) on GF. Mean LC50 values on PDL and L929 were 1.0 and 0.2 (OB), 3.7 and 0.9 (OM), 1.2 and 0.6 (Se), and 25.4 and 5.6 (Ze), respectively. Proliferation behavior mainly confirmed the LC50 values. While cells after stimulation with AF returned to almost unimpaired proliferation behavior at 6%, cells were still strongly impaired after stimulation with all tested commercially toothpastes. AF showed high biocompatibility with different cell types.

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