scholarly journals The consequent influence of crop rotation and six-year-long spring barley monoculture on yields and weed infestation of white mustard and oats

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Cezary Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Seed Dressing ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Test Plants

The present study was conducted in the years 2007- 2008, after 6-year-long experiments in the cultivation of spring barley in a crop rotation system and in monoculture. The other experimental factor was the spring barley protection method. Intensive protection involved comprehensive treatment of barley (in-crop harrowing, seed dressing, application of herbicides, fungicides, a retardant and an insecticide). Extensive protection consisted only in in-crop harrowing, without the application of crop protection agents, except for seed dressing. The above mentioned factors formed the background for the study on the cultivation of white mustard and oats, as phytosanitary species, in successive years. In the test plants, no mineral fertilization and crop protection were applied. Such agricultural method enabled an objective assessment of the consequent effect of monoculture, crop rotation and crop treatments. A hypothesis was made that the cultivation of the phytosanitary plants in the stand after 6-year-long barley monoculture would allow obtaining the level of yields and weed infestation similar to those of the crop rotation treatments. It was also assumed that the cultivation of white mustard and oats would eliminate differences in plant productivity caused by the negative influence of extensive protection. It was proved that the cultivation of the phytosanitary plants eliminated the negative influence of monoculture on the level of their yields and weed infestation. However, the test plants did not compensate negative consequences of extensive protection. In spite of this, white mustard and oats effectively competed with weeds, and the number and weight of weeds in a crop canopy did not cause a dramatic decline in yields. In the test plant canopy, the following short-lived weeds were predominant: <i>Chenopodium album</i>, <i>Galinsoga parviflora</i>, <i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i>. The absence of herbicide application resulted in the compensation of perennial species: <i>Elymus repens</i> and <i>Cirsium arvense</i>.

scholarly journals The response of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to the application of growth stimulators and forecrops

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Jolanta Juszczak
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Weed Infestation

A field experiment in growing sweet basil was carried out in the period 2008-2010 in Fajsławice (Lublin region), on podzolic soil. The study evaluated the biometric traits of the plants, yield, the qualitative parameters of herbal raw material and weed infestation of the crop in dependence on growth simulators (Asahi SL, Bio-algeen, Titanit) and the forecrop (winter wheat or spring barley + white mustard cover crop). Plots without foliar application of the growth stimulators were the control treatment. Tillage, mineral NPK fertilization as well as mechanical and chemical weed control were typical for this plant species and consistent with the recommendations for herbal plant protection. A hypothesis was made that the application of growth stimulators would have a positive effect on basil productivity, raw material quality and weed infestation of the basil crop. It was also assumed that the phytosanitary and fertilizing effects of the cover crop would result in higher and qualitatively better yield compared to the cereal forecrop alone (winter wheat). The best quantitative parameters of sweet basil raw material and the highest reduction in air-dry weight of weeds in the crop were observed after the application of the growth stimulators. The forecrop - spring barley + a white mustard cover crop that is ploughed in - also had a beneficial effect on yield and weed infestation of the plant in question. The traditional crop protection method used in the basil crop, without the application of the growth stimulators, resulted in a lower plant height and a smaller number of shoots per plant. This caused higher weed infestation of the crop and a decrease in yield. The positive side of the non-application of growth stimulators was a better chemical composition of basil raw material. Asahi SL and Tytanit yielded the best growth and productivity of the basil plants.

scholarly journals The impact of stubble crop on spring barley weed infestation

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Wrzesińska ◽  
Anna Komorowska ◽  
Grażyna Nurkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
The Impact

The condition and degree of weed infestation were determined in a spring barely crop grown in a short-term monoculture after mulching the soil with plants grown as a stubble crop (the control treatment without cover crop – lacy phacelia, white mustard, sunflower). The field experiment was carried out in 2010–2013 on good rye soil complex using a split-block design in four replications. The obtained results (the mean from all years of the experiment) showed that the stubble crop, especially sunflower, reduced the diversity of weed species without causing at the same time changes in weed species dominance. In all the control treatments of the experiment, <em>Chenopodium album</em> and <em>Fallopia convolvulus</em> were the dominant species. The degree of spring barley weed infestation depended on the species grown in the cover crop. White mustard and lacy phacelia slightly increased the number of weeds but their fresh matter significantly increased. However, the sunflower cover crop significantly increased the number of weeds without any substantial differentiation of their fresh mass.

scholarly journals Influence of crop rotation and meteorological conditons on density and biomass of weeds in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽  
Marta K. Kostrzewska
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Density And Biomass

The paper presents the analysis of changes in weed infestation in spring barley cultivated in the years 1990-2004 in crop rotation with a 25% proportion of this cereal (potato - spring barley - sowing peas - winter triticale), when it was grown after potato, and in crop rotation with its 75% proportion (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley), when it was grown once or twice after spring barley. In the experiment, no weed control was applied. Every year in the spring (at full emergence of the cereal) and before the harvest, the composition of weed species and weed density of particular weed species were determined, and before the harvest also their biomass. Weed density increased linearly on all plots during the 15-year period. The average values confirm the increase in weed biomass in the case when spring barley was grown once or twice after this crop; however, those differences were influenced by the previous situation only during some seasons. Weed density and biomass showed high year-to-year variability and a positive correlation with the amount of precipitation and a negative correlation with temperature during the period of the study. A negative correlation between the yield of barley and weed biomass was shown.

scholarly journals The effect of reduced rates of crop protection agents and adjuvants on productivity, weed infestation and health of spring barley (Hordeum sativum L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Marian Wesołowski ◽  
Elżbieta Harasim ◽  
Dorota Gawęda, ◽  
Magda Drabowicz
Keyword(s):  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Surface Active

A field experiment on the cultivation of spring barley was carried out in the period 2009–2011 at the Experimental Farm in Czesławice (central Lublin region) on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess (soil quality class II). The study included 3 rates of herbicides, growth retardant and fungicides (100%, 75% and 50%) as well as different types of adjuvant (oil, surface-active, mineral). Plots without adjuvant were the control treatment. A hypothesis was made that the reduction in rates of crop protection agents by 25–50%, with the simultaneous addition of adjuvants, would allow spring barley productivity to be maintained at a level similar to that obtained under the conditions when recommended rates are applied without adjuvant. It was also assumed that particular types of adjuvant would show different interactions with specific groups of crop protection agents. It has been proved that a rational reduction in rates of crop protection agents is up to a limit of 25%, especially when an adjuvant is added to such reduced rates. This allows spring barley productivity to be maintained at the level obtained after the application of full rates (without adjuvant). But a further reduction in rates of crop protection agents by 50%, in spite of the interaction of adjuvants, results in a significant deterioration of all spring barley yield components, since such conditions lead to increased occurrence of agricultural pests (weeds, fungal diseases) as well as increased crop lodging. Among the group of adjuvants tested in the present experiment, the oil adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC showed the best interaction with crop protection agents used.

scholarly journals Humus balance in a short crop rotation of Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine depending on fertilization systems of typical chornozemic soil

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
I. Prymak ◽  
O. Panchenko ◽  
M. Voytovik ◽  
S. Obrajyy ◽  
I. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Humus Formation ◽  
Soil Fertilization ◽  
Soil Humus ◽  
By Products

Four year research (2015–2018) at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University proved that plant residues and non-market products of the field five course grain row rotation are important sources for soil humus formation. On the unfertilized areas, fertilized withn8 t/ha of animal manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of animal manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86 humus percentage formed due to humification of plants matter was correspondently 51.4; 40.3; 37.7 and 36.1 %, with animal manure – 0; 15.3; 17.2 and 18.7 %, with by-products of farming – 44.0; 40.8; 41.7 and 42.1 %, with herbage of white mustard – 4.6; 3.6; 3.4 and 3.1 %. With the increase of fertilizers level this index regarding plants matter and green manure decreases, while animal manure provides for the index slight increase. On the unfertilized areas humus balance under cultivated crops as sunfl ower and corn is negative, but under other crops in rotation it is positive. On the fertilized areas under all crops this index is positive. When applying the biggest amount of fertilizers, annual gain in soil humus is 1.1 t/ha. Humus balance is negative on all the variants of research under the condition of disposal of non-market products from the fi elds of crop rotation. Along with plants matter, plant by-products and herbage of white mustard the amount of humus provided to the soil was equal to the application of correspondently 14–33, 12–36 and 1.3–2.6 t of animal manure per hectare of tilled fi eld. Under zero, the fi rst, the second and the third levels of soil fertilization, soil received correspondently 4.08; 5.98; 7.46 and 8.73 t of plants matter 68–71 % of which are root and the others are above surface. The percentage of by-products of crops in the rotation increases with fertilizers amount increase. Soy, winter wheat, sunfl ower and spring barley have a bigger gain in above surface rather than root mass due to increase of fertilizers amount. The highest productivity from one hectare of tilled fi eld in a crop rotation (5.63 t of dry matter, 7.84 t of fodder units, 0.671 t of digestible protein) is gained due to application of 16 t/ha of animal manure + N112P100K86, though the most economically viable amount is 12 t/ha animal manure + N95P82K72. Key words: humus balance, soil, fertilizers, crop, by-products, plants matter, crop rotation, grain crops, index of ecologization, productivity.

scholarly journals Sustainable Farming Practices: Knowledge and Practices of Smallholder Farmers in Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Christian Tegha Kum ◽  
Aaron Suh Tening ◽  
Martin Ngwabie ◽  
Cornelius Tsamo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Sustainable Farming

Background: Climate change inflicts negative consequences on food production especially on smallholder farms needed to achieve food security. Sustainable farming techniques seem to be the bridge between climate change and food security. Aims: To evaluate knowledge and practices of sustainable agriculture within smallholder farmers in the Bamenda Highlands, by identifying methods of pest and disease control, soil preservation options, and their different tillage practices, i.e., conventional versus sustainable practices. Study Design: Using a questionnaire survey. Place of Study: Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. Methodology: A sample of 175 smallholder farmers (25 from each of the seven administrative divisions) were questioned about their tillage, soil preservation, crop protection, and knowledge of sustainable farming practices. Data collected were analysed and summarised to obtain frequencies and percentages. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to test for significant relationships between the pairs of variables (age, level of formal education, sex, some tillage and soil preservation practices). Results: Out of the 161 farmers who returned the answered questionnaire, 111(68.9%) agreed to have knowledge of sustainable farming but yet 158(98.1%) were still involved with conventional unsustainable practices such as tillage with the formation ridges, and 150(93.2%) used mineral fertilizers and pesticides. Crop rotation 102(64.2%), intercropping 110(68.3%), and legume integration 124(78.0%) were the most used sustainable farming practices. Sex (r=0.419, P=0.000), age (r=0.450, P=0.000), level of education (r=0.430, P=0.000), no till (r=0.19, P=0.016), crop rotation (r=0.158, P=0.040), and intercropping (r=0.227, P=0.045) all showed significant positive relationships with knowledge of sustainable farming at α=0.05. Conclusions: Sufficient knowledge and capacity development on sustainable farming may decrease usage of unsustainable farming practices, hence improving the adoption of sustainable farming practices.

scholarly journals The Grain Yield and Weed Infestation Rate of Winter Wheat by the Different Share of Cereals in Crop Rotations

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Mária Babulicová ◽  
Ľubomír Mendel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Infestation Rate ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Weed Infestation

The Grain Yield and Weed Infestation Rate of Winter Wheat by the Different Share of Cereals in Crop Rotations The aim of the study was to compare the grain yield and weed infestation rate of winter wheat in crop rotations with 40, 60 and 80% share of cereals and in continuous cropping. The trial was situated in the area of continental climate. The trial had two parts. In the first part, there were crop rotations with 40, 60 and 80% share of the cereals. Two levels of fertilization were used: H1 mineral fertilization + organic manure Veget; H2 mineral fertilization only. In the second part, winter wheat and spring barley were grown in monoculture. Three variants of fertilization were used: 1 - mineral fertilization; 2 - mineral fertilization + straw of cereals were ploughed; 3 - mineral fertilization + straw of cereals + organic manure Veget were ploughed in the soil. In the years 2006-2009 the grain yield, thousand kernel weight and weed infestation rate of winter wheat in different crop rotations and by the continuous cropping were investigated. The statistically higher winter wheat grain yield (6.50 t ha-1) was recorded by 40% share of cereals in crop rotation than by 60% and 80% share of cereals (6.23 t ha-1). The grain yield of winter wheat by continuous cropping was lower by 2.24 t ha-1 (34.46%) than in crop rotation with 40% share of cereals. The weed infestation rate by 80% share of cereals in crop rotation was determined 2.4 times higher than by 40% share of cereals.

scholarly journals The effect of adjuvants and reduced rates of crop protection agents on weed infestation, health and lodging of spring barley (Hordeum sativum L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Marian Wesołowski
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Surface Active

A field experiment in the cultivation of spring barley was carried out in the period 2007-2009 at the Experimental Farm in Czesławice (central Lublin region) on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess (soil quality class II). The study involved 3 rates of herbicides, growth retardant and fungicides (100%, 75%, 50%) as well as different adjuvant types (oil, surface- active, mineral adjuvant). Plots without any adjuvant were the control treatment. Conventional tillage was used, while mineral fertilization was adjusted to high initial soil nutrient availability. A hypothesis was made that the reduction of pesticide rates by 25-50%, with the simultaneous addition of adjuvants, would allow health, weed infestation and lodging of spring barley to be maintained at a level similar to that obtained under the conditions when maximum rates are applied without any adjuvant. It was also assumed that particular adjuvants could show different interactions with the tested groups of crop protection agents. It was proved that the application of full recommended rates of pesticides gave the best values of the indicators relating to weed infestation, health and lodging of spring barley. However, thanks to the addition of adjuvants to the spray solution, the application of pesticide doses reduced by 25% produced similar results. A higher reduction of pesticide rates (by 50%) had an adverse effect on the traits in question. In such case, there was noted higher weed infestation of the spring barley crop, compensation of some weed species, and increased stem-base infection by the fungal disease complex. On the other hand, less radical changes were observed in the case of spring barley lodging. The above-mentioned situation occurred in spite of the fact that the action of pesticides was aided by adjuvants. From the group of adjuvants under comparison, the oil adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC showed the best interaction with the crop protection agents under consideration.

scholarly journals Weed infestation in canopy of spring barley in condition of different tillage systems and fertilization and plant protection levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Piotr Kraska ◽  
Edward Pałys
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Echinochloa Crusgalli ◽  
Weed Infestation

The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of conventional tillage (fall ploughing at 25 cm) and minimum tillage systems (chisel ploughing at 30 cm) and two differentiated fertilization and plant protection levels on number, species composition and air dry weed mass in spring barley cv. Rataj. This spring barley was cultivated in crop rotation potato - spring barley - winter rye. The analysis of field infestation was made prior to spring barley harvest with quantitative- weighting method. There was estimated number of weeds, weed species composition and air dry weight of weeds in two randomly chosen areas of each plot of 0.5 m<sup>2</sup>. The density of weeds and weed air dry weight was statistically analysed by means of variance analysis, and the mean values were estimated with Tukey's confidence intervals (p=0.05). Intensive level of fertilization and chemical crop protection decreased number of monocotyledonous weeds and total weeds in canopy of spring barley. Conventional system of soil cultivation decreased in a canopy of spring barley the following species of weeds: <i>Geranium pusillum</i>, <i>Galinsoga parviflora</i>, <i>Stellaria media</i>, <i>Apera spica</i>-<i>venti</i>, <i>Poa annua</i> and <i>Echinochloa crusgalli</i>. Conventional tillage increases number of <i>Chamomilla suaveolens</i> and <i>Fallopia convolvulus</i> in a canopy of spring barley. Intensive fertilization and plant protection levels decreased weed infestation first of all through <i>Echinochloa crusgalli</i>, <i>Apera spica</i>-<i>venti</i>, <i>Fallopia convolvulus</i>, <i>Galinsoga parviflora</i>, <i>Geranium pusillum</i>, <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Setaria pumila</i>.

scholarly journals Weed infestation of a cereal-legume mixture depending on its concentration and position in a crop rotation

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Marta K. Kostrzewska ◽  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Magdalena Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Infestation

A field study was carried out in the period 2000-2006 at the Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo belonging to the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Its aim was to compare weed infestation of a mixture of spring barley and field pea grown in a four crop rotation with different crop selection and sequence. Each year during tillering of spring barley and before the harvest of the mixture, weed species composition and density were evaluated, while additionally weed biomass was also estimated before the harvest. These results were used to determine species constancy, Simpson&rsquo;s dominance index, the Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indices as well as the community similarity index based on floristic richness, numbers and biomass of particular weed species. The cropping frequency and the position of the mixture in the crop rotation did not differentiate the species composition and total biomass of weed communities in the cereal-legume mixture crops. The crop rotation in which the mixture constituted 50% and was grown after itself had a reducing effect on weed numbers. Growing field pea in the 4-year crop rotation promoted weed infestation of the mixture and the dominance of weed communities. <em>Capsella bursa-pastoris</em>, <em>Chenopodium album</em>, <em>Echinochloa crus-galli</em>, <em>Elymus repens</em>, <em>Polygonum convolvulus</em>, and <em>Sonchus arvensis </em>were constant components of the agrophytocenoses. The weed communities were more similar in terms of their floristic composition than in terms of weed density and air-dry weight of weeds.

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