scholarly journals Vitruvius revisited: Palldio's canonical orders in the first book of "I quattro libri dell'architettura"

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Louis Cellauro
Keyword(s):  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence

This contribution examines Palladio's relation to Vitruvius with regard to the canonical orders: the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Palladio became acquainted with Vitruvius Through his first mentor, Gian Giorgio Trissino, who had founded an academy. in the first book of I quattro libri dell'architettura Palladio repeatedly refers to Vitruvius. However, like most Renaissance architects, Palladio also studied the existing remains of Roman architecture. For him, archaeological evidence had more weight than the written words of Vitruvius. Though Palladio regarded Vitruvius as his "master and guide", he would deviate from Vitruvius' rules when he found the remains of Roman architecture more satisfactory. For Palladio, Vitruvius' rules were not unalterable, they were guidelines which the architect could modify.

carpentry, Roman

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Adam
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Hydraulic Machines ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Complex Construction

The skilled work of the Roman carpenter (lignarius or tignarius faber) was essential to the construction of domestic and public buildings, creation of machines and structures for military purposes, and overcoming natural features. Composed in the 1st century bce, Vitruvius’s ten-book illustrated commentary on Roman architecture and architectural techniques, De architectura, comprises the primary textual evidence for the architectural techniques employed by Roman carpenters and engineers. In his various books, Vitruvius discusses the characteristics of different types of wood (supplemented by descriptions in Pliny’s Natural History); machines used on work sites, such as hoists and hydraulic machines; and covering frameworks for houses and the larger spans of basilicas and other massive public structures. For the latter, Roman carpenters devised the triangulated truss, a complex construction corroborated by surviving visual evidence. Archaeological evidence fills many gaps in Vitruvius’s coverage of practical carpentry methods and provides the only extant evidence for woodcutting and finishing implements, such as felling axes and handsaws. Houses at Pompeii and Herculaneum preserve traces of key carpentry techniques: timber framing, stairways, and load-bearing ceiling frameworks. The carpenter’s expertise also extended to shipbuilding and construction of strategic wooden bridges, most notably those erected during military campaigns under Caesar and later Trajan.

The Church of SS Quirico E Giulitta in Rome

1960 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Present Aspect ◽  
The Church

Although the church of SS Quirico e Giulitta near the Forum of Augustus received its present aspect in the first half of the eighteenth century, it is mentioned in the eighth century and the building incorporates ancient elements (which seem to be even earlier than the eighth century) in sufficient quantity to afford a good idea of the main outlines of the original building. It had an unusual plan, but it has received scant attention from students of medieval Roman architecture. The relevant historical data has been collected by A. Rava and L. Montalto in two useful articles but both of these ignore important archaeological evidence; and although the architecture of the church has been mentioned by G. Giovannoni, his interpretation of it (as a late medieval structure in the “gothic” style) seems to be wholly mistaken.

The New Jerusalem: Wealth, Ancient Building Projects and Revelation 21–22

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-366
Author(s):  
Candida R. Moss ◽  
Liane M. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Upper Class ◽  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Utopian Literature ◽  
Jerusalem Temple ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
Living Space ◽  
The City

Scholarly interpretations of the descent and description of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21–22 have tended to evaluate the city against biblical and extra-canonical descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple, apocalyptic accounts of heaven and ancient utopian literature in general. While some have noted the ways in which the New Jerusalem parallels the description of Babylon elsewhere in the Apocalypse, no one has yet considered the ways in which the New Jerusalem mimics, mirrors and adapts the excesses of elite Roman architecture and decor. The argument of this article is that when viewed against the backdrop of literary and archaeological evidence for upper-class living space, the luxury of the New Jerusalem is domesticated and functions to democratise access to wealth in the coming epoch. The ways in which Revelation's New Jerusalem rehearses the conventions of morally problematic displays of luxury can partially explain later patristic discomfort with literalist readings of this passage.

Anachronism in the Roman Architecture of Gaul: The Date of the Maison Carrée at Nîmes

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Anderson,
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
The Temple

The Maison Carrée is dated to the reign of Augustus primarily from its dedicatory inscription. However, no text of the inscription remains in situ; only clamp holes, without countersunk letter patterns, attest to what letter may have belonged where. The patterns are more or less consistent with the various restorations proposed for them; none is definite, secure, or proven. The dating of the temple cannot be based on such a phantom inscription, which provides no chronological evidence whatsoever, as has also been shown for the arch at Orange and the Roman temple at Vienne. The basic unit of measurement used in the ground plan of the Maison Carrée is the pes Drusianus, otherwise not securely attested prior to the early second century A. D. Use of this measurement module suggests a date at least a century after Augustus's reign. Similar problems arise in analyzing the proportions, Corinthian order, and decoration of the temple; all such problems are resolved or relieved by assigning the temple as we know it to a second-century A. D. restoration. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that a restoration of an Augustan temple at Nîmes during the first half of the second century A. D., possibly in the reign of Hadrian or of Antoninus Pius, with the text of its earlier inscription reset on the façade, may be more consistent with the extant remains of the Maison Carrée.

Investigating Burnt Mounds in Clydesdale during Motorway Construction

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
John A Atkinson ◽  
Camilla Dickson ◽  
Jane Downes ◽  
Paul Robins ◽  
David Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Short Account ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

Summary Two small burnt mounds were excavated as part of the programme to mitigate the impact of motorway construction in the Crawford area. The excavations followed a research strategy designed to address questions of date and function. This paper surveys the various competing theories about burnt mounds and how the archaeological evidence was evaluated against those theories. Both sites produced radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age and evidence to suggest that they were cooking places. In addition, a short account is presented of two further burnt mounds discovered during the construction of the motorway in Annandale.

Pittenweem Priory and the conventuality question

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
New Mother ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Pittenweem Priory began life as the caput manor of a daughter-house established on May Island by Cluniac monks from Reading (c. 1140). After its sale to St Andrews (c. 1280), the priory transferred ashore. While retaining its traditional name, the ‘Priory of May (alias Pittenweem)’ was subsumed within the Augustinian priory of St Andrews. Its prior was elected from among the canons of the new mother house, but it was many decades before a resident community of canons was set up in Pittenweem. The traditional view, based principally on the ‘non-conventual’ status of the priory reiterated in fifteenth-century documents, is that there was ‘no resident community’ before the priorship of Andrew Forman (1495–1515). Archaeological evidence in Pittenweem, however, indicates that James Kennedy had embarked on significant development of the priory fifty years earlier. This suggests that, when the term ‘non-conventual’ is used in documents emanating from Kennedy's successors (Graham and Scheves), we should interpret it more as an assertion of superiority and control than as a description of realities in the priory.

Viticulture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Light of Historical and Archaeological Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Judith Bronstein ◽  
Elisabeth Yehuda ◽  
Edna J. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Evidence

A Jewish Magic Device in Pannonia Superior?

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Klaus Davidowicz ◽  
Armin Lange
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Jewish Origin ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
Oil Lamp

A comparison with Jewish magic as well as Jewish and non-Jewish amulets shows that the exclusive use of Deut 6:4 in the Halbturn amulet for apotropaic purposes points to its Jewish origin. A Jewish oil lamp found in Carnutum, the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Superior, demonstrates that Jews lived not far away from Halbturn and poses the question of whether the amulet was produced in Carnuntum. While the magician who produced the Halbturn amulet was most probably a Jew, the archaeological evidence of the grave in which the Halbturn amulet was found is inconclusive with regard to the background of the child buried in it. The Carnuntum oil lamp, however, points to the possibility of a Jewish grave.

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