scholarly journals Exhibitions as learning environments: a review of empirical research on students’ science learning at Natural History Museums, Science Museums and Science Centres

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Petter Hauan ◽  
Stein Dankert Kolstø

One aim for many natural history museums, science museums and science centres is to contribute to school-related learning in science. In this article we review published empirical studies of this challenging area. The review indicates that the effectiveness of educational activities at different types of science-communication venues (SCV) in supporting students’ science learning varies. There is also evidence of interesting differences between activities, depending on how these activities are designed. Firstly, these activities can stimulate interest and conceptual focus through a well-designed combination of structure and openness. Secondly, they can stimulate talks and explorations related to the presented topics. We have identified two possible areas which might prove fruitful in guiding further research: an exploration of the effects of different designs for guided exploratory learning, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of educational activities by studying the presence and quality of the learning processes visitors are engaged in. 

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-972
Author(s):  
Per Hetland

This article investigates how scientists at natural history museums construct publics in science communication and identifies four major constructions based on Braun and Schultz’s categories: the general public, the pure public, the affected public, and the partisan public. This study draws on data from 17 research scientists at two natural history research museums in Norway who were interviewed about their public outreach activities focusing on practices, settings, designated outcomes, scientists’ incentives to communicate science, and, finally, the speaking positions available for the different publics; the aim was to provide an understanding of the four constructed publics in museums’ science communication. When scientists construct different publics, they emphasize relevance as an important quality assurance device.


2005 ◽  
Vol 277-279 ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
Myeong Kyeong Shin

The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of the on-line teaching materials on the websites of natural history museums particularly with regards to their educational perspectives, focusing on the nature of science. A total of twelve on-line resources from the four well established museums used in this study were selected as representative informal science teaching materials. The analyses highlighted the potential of natural history museums as an informal science learning venues.


Author(s):  
Александр Александрович Писарев

Статья посвящена изменениям образности таксидермических объектов в музеях естественной истории. На ряде случаев прослеживаются связи этих изменений с трансформациями сети разнородных элементов – научных теорий и парадигм, музея, национальной политики, моральных представлений. Таксидермический объект понимается как объект науки, обладающий собственной материальностью и историей, музей – как пространство репрезентации природы, научных категорий и морально- политических идей. Таксидермия входит в музей естественной истории в XVIII веке ценой стирания своей художественности и искусственности в пользу объективной репрезентации «самой» природы. В контексте географических открытий и колониальных завоеваний чучела позволяли решить проблему удаленного во времени и пространстве наблюдения. Благодаря натурализации удается превратить чучело, теперь анонимное и стандартизированное, в воплощение таксона линнеевской систематики, неотделимой от соображений государственного управления ресурсами. Эта сцепка проявлялась в организации пространства экспозиции. В XIX веке с изменением принципа систематики, разработкой идеи организма в таксидермическую экспозицию через диорамы и биологические группы вводится измерение жизни. На конкретном примере демонстрируется использование таксидермических диорам в качестве инструмента морально-политической субъективации индивидов. В середине XX века наступает упадок таксидермии. Актуальная наука меняется и уходит из музеев естественной истории, разрушается колониальная система, критически переосмысливается отношение к колониальному наследию и животным, развиваются кинотехника и телевидение. Чучела становятся нежеланными артефактами жестокой политики и эстетики прежней эпохи и в большей степени объектами критических исследований и истории науки, чем науки. Музеи же, теряя финансирование и посетителей, оказываются в дважды противоречивом положении. Во-первых, между антиисторической натурализирующей научностью и историчностью денатурализованных экспонатов. Во-вторых, между неоднозначными эстетикой и историей таксидермии и изменившимся моральным порядком. Помимо других способов они пытаются разрешить эти противоречия путем переинтерпретации таксидермической экспозиции в рамках экологической повестки и при помощи точечных материально-дискурсивных вмешательств, превращающих чучела в аллегории вымирания и поврежденной природы. Этот ход позволяет удержаться в границах естественно-научного дискурса, одновременно обращаясь к моральному чувству посетителя. Однако при этом он воспроизводит мифологему «золотого века», основанную на противопоставлении природы и культуры, естественного и искусственного. На этом фоне выделяются другие траектории чучел в музее. Во-первых, художественные интервенции на территории музея, обращающиеся к таксидермии и шире архиву естественной истории. В таких случаях музей делегирует художникам право критической рефлексии по поводу научной идеологии и власти. Приводится ряд примеров таких интервенций. Во-вторых, таксидермические коллекции новых типов, изначально создаваемые не как плод объективирующего и систематизирующего подхода науки, а как проявление систематичности насилия и новой природы, безразличной к упомянутым выше оппозициям. Такая таксидермия может стать инструментом осмысления новой природы в эпоху, столь неудачно названную антропоценом, и рабочим объектом постгуманистической образности. The article is devoted to the transformations of the imagery of taxidermic objects in natural history museums. By examining several cases these transformations are linked to changes in a network of heterogeneous contexts - scientific theories and paradigms, the role of the museum, national politics, and public morals. While discussing the topic a taxidermic object is understood as an object of science with its own materiality and history and science museum is considered as a space for the representation of nature, scientific categories, and moral and political ideas, and as an instrument of collective empiricism. The history of taxidermy in a museum is the history of erasing its artistry and artificiality in favor of an objective representation of nature “itself". This naturalization makes it possible to turn the stuffed animal, now anonymous and standardized, into a taxon of Linnaean taxonomy, inseparable from considerations of public resource management. The consequences of such entry into the museum for the visual nature of taxidermy are written out. Next, we consider the change in taxonomy in the XIX century and the introduction of the idea of life in taxidermic exposition through dioramas and biological groups. A concrete example demonstrates the use of taxidermic dioramas as a tool for moral and political transformation of individuals through the aura-like experience of nature. In the middle of the XX century, the decline of taxidermy begins. Due to the withdrawal of up-to-date science from natural history museums, changes in politics, collective imagination, and the ethics of dealing with colonial heritage and nature, museums are losing funding and visitors and are gradually shifting to the periphery of culture. It is shown that they find themselves in a twice contradictory position between their own anti-historical and naturalizing scientific nature and the historicity of denaturalized exhibits, between the ambiguous aesthetics, history of taxidermy and the changed moral order. Museums tried to resolve these contradictions and return to the current culture by including in the communication about the environmental agenda and the environmental reinterpretation of taxidermy exposition with the help of occasional material and discursive interventions that turn stuffed animals into allegories of extinction. This move allows them to stay within the boundaries of the natural science discourse of preservation species diversity, while simultaneously appealing to the moral sense of the visitor and influencing the collective sensibility. At the same time, it reproduces the mythologem of the "golden age", based on the opposition between nature and culture, natural and artificial. Thus, these contradictions are not completely resolved. The first possible way further are artistic interventions on the territory of the museum, in which the Museum delegates to artists the right of critical reflection on scientific ideology and power. A number of examples of such interventions are provided and analyzed. The second way are new taxidermy collections, initially created not as a result of the objectifying approach of science, but as a manifestation of systematic violence and a new nature, indifferent to the above-mentioned oppositions. Such taxidermy can become a tool for understanding the new nature in an era so aptly called the anthropocene, and a working object of posthumanistic imagery.


Author(s):  
Nataliia Dziubenko ◽  
Andriy Andriyovych Bokotey ◽  
Oleksandr Semenovych Klymyshyn

The existing system of performance indicators of natural history museums in Ukraine, based on the analysis of the Ukrainian legislate framework and the study of foreign experience are considered in the work. It is proved that the criteria for evaluating of natural history museums performance of various profiles and subordination today are ineffective and do not reflect the real state of affairs. The efficiency of natural history museums performance is assessed in accordance with quantitative indicators (visitors number, units in the collection, etc.), but the quality of services is not mention. The emphasizes to develop and apply a standardized evaluation of museums performance as one of the most important steps towards reforming the entire museum industry in Ukraine was done.


Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 598 (7879) ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Corrie S. Moreau ◽  
Jessica L. Ware

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freek T. Bakker ◽  
Alexandre Antonelli ◽  
Julia A. Clarke ◽  
Joseph A. Cook ◽  
Scott V. Edwards ◽  
...  

Natural history museums are unique spaces for interdisciplinary research and educational innovation. Through extensive exhibits and public programming and by hosting rich communities of amateurs, students, and researchers at all stages of their careers, they can provide a place-based window to focus on integration of science and discovery, as well as a locus for community engagement. At the same time, like a synthesis radio telescope, when joined together through emerging digital resources, the global community of museums (the ‘Global Museum’) is more than the sum of its parts, allowing insights and answers to diverse biological, environmental, and societal questions at the global scale, across eons of time, and spanning vast diversity across the Tree of Life. We argue that, whereas natural history collections and museums began with a focus on describing the diversity and peculiarities of species on Earth, they are now increasingly leveraged in new ways that significantly expand their impact and relevance. These new directions include the possibility to ask new, often interdisciplinary questions in basic and applied science, such as in biomimetic design, and by contributing to solutions to climate change, global health and food security challenges. As institutions, they have long been incubators for cutting-edge research in biology while simultaneously providing core infrastructure for research on present and future societal needs. Here we explore how the intersection between pressing issues in environmental and human health and rapid technological innovation have reinforced the relevance of museum collections. We do this by providing examples as food for thought for both the broader academic community and museum scientists on the evolving role of museums. We also identify challenges to the realization of the full potential of natural history collections and the Global Museum to science and society and discuss the critical need to grow these collections. We then focus on mapping and modelling of museum data (including place-based approaches and discovery), and explore the main projects, platforms and databases enabling this growth. Finally, we aim to improve relevant protocols for the long-term storage of specimens and tissues, ensuring proper connection with tomorrow’s technologies and hence further increasing the relevance of natural history museums.


2021 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Dimítri De Araújo Costa ◽  
Nuno Gomes ◽  
Harold Cantallo ◽  
Carlos Antunes

Society in general is distant from scientific culture, it is required to bring scientific knowledge closer to the population. In this context, an effective and attractive way for scientific dissemination is the establishment of natural history museums, which are institutions of knowledge, displaying the past. Natural history museums have the natural world as their object of study; and their collections may contain the most diverse types of materials (local and/or from various parts of the world), such as zoological, botanical, geological, archaeological, among others. Scientific collections are the largest and most important source of authoritative biodiversity data, contributing to studies of biodiversity composition, evolutionary (morphological and genetic), biogeographical, phenological, as well as geological. The materials present in these collections may serve for temporal comparison, being useful to produce predictive models. Likewise, they have a fundamental role in safeguarding type specimens, i.e. the first organisms identified to describe and name a new species. In addition, there is the component available to visitors in general, in order to raise public awareness on the preservation of the local fauna and flora and of other places in the world. In this way, the museums serve both the academic-scientific public and visitors who come to these sites for recreational purposes. It is intended to promote, in Vila Nova de Cerveira, the Natural History Museum of the Iberian Peninsula - NatMIP (“Museu de História Natural da Península Ibérica”), which intends to collect materials for scientific purposes, mainly Iberian.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. O. Sombrio

Abstract This paper will explore the significance of the expeditions under- taken by Wanda Hanke (1893-1958) in South America, of the networks she established in the region, as well as of her contributions to ethnological studies, in particular her compilation of extensive data and collections. Through Hanke's experience, it is possible to elucidate aspects of the history of ethnology and that of the history of museums in Brazil, as well as to emphasize the status of female participation in these areas. Wanda Hanke spent 25 years of her life studying the indigenous groups of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay and collecting ethnological objects for natural history museums. Trained in medicine and philosophy, she began to dedicate herself to ethnological studies in her forties, and she travelled alone, an uncommon characteristic among female scientists in the 1940s, in Brazil.


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