Direct Selection Response to Growth and Correlated Response to Lactation Traits in Black Bengal Goats

Methane (CH4) emission is an important environmental trait in dairy cows. Breeding aiming to mitigate CH4 emissions require the estimation of genetic correlations with other economically important traits and the prediction of their selection response. In this study, test-day CH4 emissions were predicted from milk mid-infrared spectra of Holstein cows. Predicted CH4 emissions (PME) and log-transformed CH4 intensity (LMI) computed as the natural logarithm of PME divided by milk yield (MY). Genetic correlations of PME and LMI with traits used currently were approximated from correlations between estimated breeding values of sires. Values were for PME with MY 0.06, fat yield (FY) 0.09, protein yield (PY) 0.13, fertility 0.17; body condition score (BCS) –0.02; udder health (UDH) 0.22; and longevity 0.22. As expected by its definition, values were negative for LMI with production traits (MY –0.61; FY –0.15 and PY –0.40) and positive with fertility (0.36); BCS (0.20); UDH (0.08) and longevity (0.06). The genetic correlations of 33 type traits with PME ranged from –0.12 to 0.25 and for LMI ranged from –0.22 to 0.18. Without selecting PME and LMI (status quo) the relative genetic change through correlated responses of other traits were in PME by 2% and in LMI by –15%, but only due to the correlated response to MY. Results showed for PME that direct selection of this environmental trait would reduce milk carbon foot print but would also affect negatively fertility. Therefore, more profound changes in current indexes will be required than simply adding environmental traits as these traits also affect the expected progress of other traits.

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Consequences of genetic selection for environmental impact traits on economically important traits in dairy cows

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an16592 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 58 (10) ◽

pp. 1779

Author(s):

Purna Kandel ◽

Sylvie Vanderick ◽

Marie-Laure Vanrobays ◽

Hélène Soyeurt ◽

Nicolas Gengler

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Selection Response ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Production Traits ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Natural Logarithm

Methane (CH4) emission is an important environmental trait in dairy cows. Breeding aiming to mitigate CH4 emissions require the estimation of genetic correlations with other economically important traits and the prediction of their selection response. In this study, test-day CH4 emissions were predicted from milk mid-infrared spectra of Holstein cows. Predicted CH4 emissions (PME) and log-transformed CH4 intensity (LMI) computed as the natural logarithm of PME divided by milk yield (MY). Genetic correlations of PME and LMI with traits used currently were approximated from correlations between estimated breeding values of sires. Values were for PME with MY 0.06, fat yield (FY) 0.09, protein yield (PY) 0.13, fertility 0.17; body condition score (BCS) –0.02; udder health (UDH) 0.22; and longevity 0.22. As expected by its definition, values were negative for LMI with production traits (MY –0.61; FY –0.15 and PY –0.40) and positive with fertility (0.36); BCS (0.20); UDH (0.08) and longevity (0.06). The genetic correlations of 33 type traits with PME ranged from –0.12 to 0.25 and for LMI ranged from –0.22 to 0.18. Without selecting PME and LMI (status quo) the relative genetic change through correlated responses of other traits were in PME by 2% and in LMI by –15%, but only due to the correlated response to MY. Results showed for PME that direct selection of this environmental trait would reduce milk carbon foot print but would also affect negatively fertility. Therefore, more profound changes in current indexes will be required than simply adding environmental traits as these traits also affect the expected progress of other traits.

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Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Selection Response for Reproductive and Growth Traits in Rideau-Arcott sheep

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2019-0152 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Naser Boareki ◽

Luiz Brito ◽

Angela Cánovas ◽

V.R. Osborne ◽

Flavio S Schenkel

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Genetic Parameters ◽

Growth Traits ◽

Reproductive Traits ◽

Selection Response ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Response To Selection ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Selection For

The goal of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and predict direct and correlated response to selection for lamb growth traits and ewe reproductive traits, based on single trait selection or combining multiple traits in an optimum index that targets total litter post-weaning weight in the first lambing as the main selection goal. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.04 to 0.19. Genetic correlations between growth and reproductive traits ranged from -0.24 to 0.15. The indirect response to selection for reproductive traits in later lambings, by selecting on first lambing performance, was 11 to 25% greater than direct selection. The response to indirect selection for composite reproductive traits, i.e. total weaning weight or total post-weaning weight, by selecting on individual lamb weaning weight or post-weaning weight was 1 to 69% greater than direct selection, but it was accompanied by a negative response on litter size. However, combining alternate growth and reproductive traits in optimum selection index resulted in correlated response of up to 96% greater than direct selection response for reproductive traits without a negative response on litter size. Therefore, multiple trait selection using an index of component traits was more effective than direct selection for a composite trait.

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LONG-TERM SELECTION RESPONSE FOR 12-DAY LITTER WEIGHT IN MICE

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/72.1.129 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 129-142

Author(s):

E J Eisen

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Genetic Correlation ◽

Half Life ◽

Selection Process ◽

Selection Response ◽

Exponential Model ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Term Selection ◽

Litter Weight

ABSTRACT Long-term selection for increased 12-day litter weight in two replicate lines (W2, W3) of mice resulted in an apparent selection limit at about 17 generations. Quadratic polynomial and exponential models were fitted to the data in order to estimate the plateaued response and half-life of the selection process. Using the polynomial results, the half-life estimates were 4.5 and 8.6 generations for W2 and W3, respectively. The plateaued responses were 5.1 and 5.8 g which, when expressed in phenotypic standard deviation units, became 1.1 and 1.3. The exponential model provides similar estimates. A negative association between 12-day litter weight and fitness was not considered to be an adequate explanation for the plateau since there was no decrease in fertility of the selected lines. Evidence that exhaustion of genetic variability was not the cause of the plateau came from the immediate response to reverse selection. It was proposed that the plateau may be due to a negative genetic correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects, which would be expected to occur after many generations of selection. There were positive correlated responses in both replicates for adult body weight, which was in agreement with the positive genetic correlation between preweaning and postweaning body weight. The expected positive correlated response for number born was realized in only one of the replicates.

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Complex constraints on allometry revealed by artificial selection on the wing of Drosophila melanogaster

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1505357112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (43) ◽

pp. 13284-13289 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Geir H. Bolstad ◽

Jason A. Cassara ◽

Eladio Márquez ◽

Thomas F. Hansen ◽

Kim van der Linde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Artificial Selection ◽

Allometric Scaling ◽

Power Laws ◽

Selection Response ◽

Wing Shape ◽

Fundamental Aspect ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

Internal Selection

Precise exponential scaling with size is a fundamental aspect of phenotypic variation. These allometric power laws are often invariant across taxa and have long been hypothesized to reflect developmental constraints. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating the evolutionary potential of an allometric scaling relationship in drosophilid wing shape that is nearly invariant across 111 species separated by at least 50 million years of evolution. In only 26 generations of artificial selection in a population of Drosophila melanogaster, we were able to drive the allometric slope to the outer range of those found among the 111 sampled species. This response was rapidly lost when selection was suspended. Only a small proportion of this reversal could be explained by breakup of linkage disequilibrium, and direct selection on wing shape is also unlikely to explain the reversal, because the more divergent wing shapes produced by selection on the allometric intercept did not revert. We hypothesize that the reversal was instead caused by internal selection arising from pleiotropic links to unknown traits. Our results also suggest that the observed selection response in the allometric slope was due to a component expressed late in larval development and that variation in earlier development did not respond to selection. Together, these results are consistent with a role for pleiotropic constraints in explaining the remarkable evolutionary stability of allometric scaling.

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DIRECT SELECTION RESPONSE OF PROTEIN EFFICIENCY OF EGG PRODUCTION IN SINAI BEDOUIN FOWL

Menoufia Journal of Animal Poultry and Fish Production ◽

10.21608/mjapfp.2019.174216 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

M.E. Soltan ◽

A.A. Enab ◽

G.A. Zanaty ◽

E.A. Morsy

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Selection Response ◽

Direct Selection

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Positive selection on mitochondria may eliminate heritable microbes from arthropod populations

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2021.1735 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 288 (1959) ◽

Author(s):

Andy Fenton ◽

M. Florencia Camus ◽

Gregory D. D. Hurst

Keyword(s):

Positive Selection ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Infected Individual ◽

Mean Field ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Mtdna Mutation ◽

The Impact ◽

Mtdna Marker

Diverse eukaryotic taxa carry facultative heritable symbionts, microbes that are passed from mother to offspring. These symbionts are coinherited with mitochondria, and selection favouring either new symbionts, or new symbiont variants, is known to drive loss of mitochondrial diversity as a correlated response. More recently, evidence has accumulated of episodic directional selection on mitochondria, but with currently unknown consequences for symbiont evolution. We therefore employed a population genetic mean field framework to model the impact of selection on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) upon symbiont frequency for three generic scenarios of host–symbiont interaction. Our models predict that direct selection on mtDNA can drive symbionts out of the population where a positively selected mtDNA mutation occurs initially in an individual that is uninfected with the symbiont, and the symbiont is initially at low frequency. When, by contrast, the positively selected mtDNA mutation occurs in a symbiont-infected individual, the mutation becomes fixed and in doing so removes symbiont variation from the population. We conclude that the molecular evolution of symbionts and mitochondria, which has previously been viewed from a perspective of selection on symbionts driving the evolution of a neutral mtDNA marker, should be reappraised in the light of positive selection on mtDNA.

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Selection for Increased Budbreak in Apple

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.128.3.0363 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 128 (3) ◽

pp. 363-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Iwan F. Labuschagné ◽

J.H. Louw ◽

Karin Schmidt ◽

Annalene Sadie

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variance ◽

Screening Method ◽

Selection Response ◽

Significant Response ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Realized Heritability ◽

Early Screening ◽

Adult Trees ◽

Selection For ◽

Combined Selection

Significant response to selection for budbreak number (NB) based on data recorded on 1-year-old shoots of young apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.) seedlings (Expt. I) and branches from adult seedling trees (Expt. II) has been demonstrated in clonally propagated seedling trees. Between family variation for NB was low and masked by year × family interaction effects. Realized heritability for NB was estimated as 40% to 60%. Correlated response in uniformity and position of budbreak, and in the number and length of side shoots, was found. Association between the time of budbreak (TB) and NB, according to midparent and cross groupings, and according to the parental means, indicate a positive genetic correlation between these traits. Where data on adult trees were used as a measure of selection response and tested on young clonal trees, significant response and genetic variation was shown, confirming the presence of utilizable genetic variance and that this procedure may be successfully applied as an early screening method for increased budbreak in adult trees. Combined selection utilizing genetic variance between crosses as well as within crosses is proposed as the best procedure to increase the frequency of seedlings with increased budbreak and to improve adaptation to low winter chilling conditions.

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Heritability, Genetic and Phenotypic Correlations, and Predicted Selection Response of Quantitative Traits in Peach: I. An Analysis of Several Reproductive Traits

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.123.4.598 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 123 (4) ◽

pp. 598-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Valdomiro A.B. de Souza ◽

David H. Byrne ◽

Jeremy F. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Selection Response ◽

Direct Selection ◽

Multiple Trait ◽

Narrow Sense Heritability ◽

Phenotypic Correlations ◽

Flower Density

Seedlings of 108 families from crosses among 42 peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars and selections were evaluated for six plant characteristics in 1993, 1994, and 1995. The data were analyzed by using a mixed linear model, with years treated as fixed and additive genotypes as random factors. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was used to estimate fixed effects. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate variance components, and a multiple trait model was used to estimate genetic and phenotypic covariances among traits. The narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.41, 0.29, 0.48, 0.47, 0.43, and 0.23 for flower density, flowers per node, node density, fruit density, fruit set, and blind node propensity, respectively. Most genetic correlations among pairs of traits were ≥0.30 and were, in general, much higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlations. Flower density and flowers per node (ra = 0.95), fruit density and fruit set (ra = 0.84) and flower density and fruit density (ra = 0.71) were the combinations of traits that had the highest genetic correlation estimates. Direct selection practiced solely for flower density (either direction) is expected to have a greater effect on fruit density than direct selection for fruit density.

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Selection Response in Natural Populations

10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0020 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bruce Walsh ◽

Michael Lynch

Keyword(s):

Natural Populations ◽

Selection Response ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Sources Of Error ◽

True Target ◽

Change In The Mean ◽

The Mean ◽

Actual Target ◽

Long Term Studies

The breeder's equation often fails when applied to natural populations. In large part, this likely occurs because the assumed trait is not the actual target of selection. A within-generation change in the mean of a suggested target trait can arise as a correlated response from selection acting elsewhere. This chapter examines sources of error in the breeder's equation and approaches that attempt to determine if an assumed trait is actually the true target of selection. It also reviews a number of long-term studies from natural populations and examines possible sources for the failure of most of these studies to conform to the expectations of the breeder's equation.

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