Between Washington and Du Bois

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald K. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
College Presidents ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Black College ◽  
Academic Leaders ◽  
Cultural Biography ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Training Institute

The purpose of this manuscript is threefold. First, it will serve as a cultural biography of Dr. James Edward Shepard and the National Religious Training Institute and Chautauqua for the Negro Race and later the North Carolina College for Negroes (which became North Carolina Central University). Second, it will argue that black college presidents of the early twentieth century such as Shepard were more than academic leaders; they were race leaders. Shepard’s role at the NRTIC/NCC was to develop a race through this institution. Lastly, this study argues that Shepard, like most black college presidents, did not focus primarily on the difference between liberal arts and vocational education. Rather, he considered the most practical ways to uplift his race. Therefore, this study will be more than a biography of an influential African American, but an analytical study of a black leader during the age of Jim Crow in the South.

“Change the Man and the Environments Will Be Changed by Man”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald K. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Black College ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Liberal Arts Education ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Racial Issues ◽  
Public Entity ◽  
Training Institute

This chapter examines the creation of the National Religious Training Institute and Chautauqua (NRTIC), while also revealing a shift in Shepard’s approach to racial issues in North Carolina at the turn of the twentieth century. I analyze relationships that Shepard built with Benjamin Newton Duke and the Duke family and other philanthropists. Moreover, I discuss Shepard’s position on the Washington/Du Bois debate. Shepard is considered by scholars of NCC as a colleague of Washington while also garnering the respect of Du Bois. I reveal the influence and respect that Shepard had within North Carolina as NRTIC shifted from a private to a public entity and became the first publicly funded black college in the South that focused primarily on liberal arts education.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald K. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
College Presidents ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black College ◽  
Academic Leaders ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Negro Race

The introduction provides an overview of the research and places James Edward Shepard in historical context by analyzing the discourse of race relations in North Carolina. I examine the dialogue of black Durham’s participation in the “race issue” of the early twentieth century and evaluate black higher education throughout the United States during this time period. I discuss the famous Washington versus Du Bois debate. This chapter also presents the main argument of the manuscript--that black college presidents of the early twentieth century were more than academic leaders. They were race leaders, as can be seen in the case of Dr. James Edward Shepard. For these presidents the real debate was not the struggle between liberal arts and vocational education but “what was the most practical way to uplift the Negro Race.”

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald K. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
College Presidents ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First Century ◽  
Black College ◽  
College President ◽  
American Black

The epilogue reveals the importance of placing African American black college presidents in an historical context. I re-emphasize the role of a black college president as more than an administrator of an institution but a race leader to his community. I also explain the creation of “moderation” in North Carolina and how Shepard help create this approach to the race issue prior to the legal battles surrounding school integration during the 1950s. Finally, I examine how Shepard’s legacy at North Carolina Central University has lasted well into the twenty-first century. This lasting impact is seen in the theory of the “Central Way” of doing things at the school today. This approach is largely based on the foundation of “moral education” that Shepard created in the early to mid-twentieth century.

scholarly journals North Carolina Books

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Eileen McGrath
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Race Riot ◽  
The North ◽  
Race Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Jim Crow South

Compiled by Eileen McGrath, the following books are included: The North Carolina Gazetter: A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places and Their History; Becoming Elizabeth Lawrence: Discovered Letters of a Southern Gardener; The Southern Mind under Union Rule: The Diary of James Rumley; A Day of Blood: The 1898 Wilmington Race Riot; Kay Kyser: The Ol' Professor of Sing! America's Forgotten Superstar; Haven on the Hill: A History of North Carolina's Dorothea Dix Hospital; Middle of the Air; Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation; Cow across America; Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France; 27 Views of Hillsborough: A Southern Town in Prose & Poetry; Twelve by Twelve: A One Room Cabin off the Grid and beyond the American Dream; and Down Home: Jewish Life in North Carolina.

We Can! We Will! We Must!

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-199
Author(s):  
Jelani M. Favors
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
College Presidents ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Black College ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Student Protests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern University

The chapter discusses the explosive history of Southern University in the years leading up to the Black Power Movement. Baton Rouge, Louisiana was the setting for one of the largest student protests in the country as thousands of students flocked to the streets in protests against Jim Crow policies. Prior to this emergence, students were nurtured for years in a space cultivated by Joseph Samuel Clark, who served as the school’s first president and was succeeded by his son, Felton Grandison Clark. Like many black college presidents, Clark enjoyed the reputation of a fervent race man who embraced the tenets of the second curriculum. Yet as the modern civil rights movement approached, Clark succumbed to the pressures of the state and transformed into one of the most notorious HBCU presidents during the era – expelling students, firing faculty, and running the campus with a vise-like grip. Nevertheless, the Southern student body powered through these obstacles and created one of the most radical spaces for black youth in the deep south.

Evaluation of a state law on opioid-prescribing behaviour and the void affecting codeine-containing antitussive syrup

2020 ◽  
pp. emermed-2019-209008
Author(s):  
Warren M. Perry ◽  
Chris B. Agala ◽  
Erika M. Agala
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
Opioid Medication ◽  
The North ◽  
Prescribing Behaviour ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
The Difference

BackgroundGovernment opioid policies—such as the North Carolina Strengthen Opioid Misuse Prevention (STOP) Act—have aided in lowering the days’ supply of opioid prescriptions. However, what effect do these laws have on codeine-containing antitussive syrup? We aimed to assess the effect of the North Carolina STOP Act on ED opioid prescriptions written for >5 days for acute pain/non-pain diagnoses and whether it had an effect on the prescribing of codeine-containing antitussive syrup.MethodsA retrospective study of two emergency departments, with an average annual census of 70 000 and 22 000 patients, from January to August of 2017 and 2018. We applied logistic regression techniques to calculate the odds of an opioid prescription for >5 days. Opioid medication categories were formed to determine relational proportions. Two-tailed z-tests were used to test the difference in proportions.ResultsOur study included 5366 verifiable opioid prescriptions. The percentage of an opioid prescription for >5 days decreased by 3.3% (95% CI −1.8% to −4.7%, p<0.05) after the North Carolina STOP Act (9.8% to 6.5%; 95% CI 5.5% to 7.5%, p<0.05). There was no statistically significant change in the prescribing of codeine syrup for >5 days pre-STOP and post- STOP Act, respectively (91.5% and 90.4%; difference=−1.1%, p=0.83).ConclusionThe North Carolina STOP Act was associated with a reduction in the overall percentage of opioid prescriptions for >5 days for acute pain/non-pain diagnoses. However, there was no statistically significant effect on the prescribing of codeine-containing antitussive syrup.

The Emergence of a Black Leader during the Age of Jim Crow and Black Racial Uplift in North Carolina

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald K. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Sunday School ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Black Leader ◽  
Life Insurance Company ◽  
Racial Uplift ◽  
The North

This chapter focuses on Shepard’s early education and career as a druggist, tax collector, cofounder of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, and superintendent of the International Sunday School Association. I also emphasize his “radical” approach to race relations in Durham at the turn of the twentieth century. By investigating these topics, I develop a clearer understanding of Shepard’s style of leadership as the eventual president of the North Carolina College for Negroes (NCC).

Brushing and Temperature Control Transplant Growth of Float-irrigated Bell and Jalapeno Pepper

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 551a-551
Author(s):  
Bethany Galloway ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
David W. Monks
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Effective Length ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
The North ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
The Difference

Experiments were conducted at the North Carolina State Univ. Phytotron facility in late Summer and Fall 1996. Bell and jalapeno pepper were grown in polystyrene flats using continuous float irrigation. Using DIF (the difference between day and night temperatures), three temperature treatments consisting of positive (+DIF), zero (0DIF), and negative (–DIF) DIF were assigned to three growth chambers. DIF treatments were imposed in each chamber for only the first 2 hr after lights were turned on. Half of the plants in each chamber were brushed twice a day. Height was affected by cultivar, brush treatment, DIF treatment, and all combinations of the three treatments at all sampling dates. Jalapeno pepper experienced greater height reductions due to DIF or brushing treatment than bell pepper. Shoot fresh weight was reduced by brushing at all sampling dates, but DIF was less effective. Length of first internode was influenced by brush and DIF treatments, while leaf area was only affected by brush treatment which caused reductions of 13% and 25 % in bell and jalapeno pepper, respectively, at 6 weeks after planting. Brushing increased pepper stem diameter. DIF had little effect on stem diameter but in combination with brushing effectively increased stem diameter over both cultivars.

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