scholarly journals Evaluation of Capital Cost: Long Run Evidence from Manufacturing Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Mantas Markauskas ◽  
Asta Saboniene
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Long Run

The article is directed to determine the most appropriate method for evaluating cost of capital of a manufacturing sector and, using the methodology, to perform a case study of Lithuanian manufacturing sector. For evaluation of cost of capital, calculation of Weighted Average Capital Cost was chosen, as literature analysis distinguished this method as the most widely accepted and used. Some changes were made to the methodology of WACC evaluation in order to adapt the method for countries, which do not contain liquid, mature financial markets, like using country’s credit ranking to assess risk premium and adding this premium to base premium for maturelly developed equity markets. The case study of Lithuanian manufacturing sector was performed for the period of 2001-2016. Empirical study revealed that required rate of return on separate WACC components evolved differently between the years of 2001-2016. Average annual return on equity for the period 2001-2016 was 7.7%, while average annual return on debt was only 4.4%. In the year of 2015 weight of equity capital, first time during the analyzed period, exceeded 50%. In the same year, ratio of net profit before taxes to total assets of Lithuanian manufacturing sector also reached the highest value at the time, later surpassed in 2016. This fact demonstrates, that increased free cash flows from the operations were reinvested into further development of the companies. To maximize value of the shareholders, it would be preferable to pay out portion of earnings as dividends and finance growth with debt, as it is currently a cheaper alternative.

scholarly journals A Case for using a Real Asset Transaction Approach for Estimating the Cost of Capital from Rural Telephone Company Data

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Victor Glass ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Premium ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Publicly Traded ◽  
Local Exchange ◽  
Telephone Companies ◽  
The Cost

This paper develops a real asset transaction approach for estimating the cost of capital for rural telephone companies whose financial assets are not publicly traded. The transaction approach uses the actual purchase prices of rural local exchange carriers (RLECs)’ properties and cash flows for estimating the rate of return required by buyers and sellers of RLEC properties. The transaction approach produces higher cost of capital estimates than a traditional approach using a weighted average of debt and equity costs of proxy companies traded on organized exchanges. The estimated difference is in line with the risk premium estimated for small non-traded companies estimated by Duff and Phelps Ibbotson.

Usec Inc.

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Eades ◽  
Ben Mackovjak ◽  
Lucas Doe
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Important Input

This case is designed to present students with the challenges of formulating a discounted-cash-flow (DCF) analysis for a strategically important capital-investment decision. Analytically, the problem is representative of most corporate investment decisions, but it is particularly interesting because of the massive size of the American Centrifuge Project and the potential of the project to significantly affect the stock price. Students must determine the relevant cash flows, paying close attention to the treatment of input costs, selling prices, timing of investment outlays, depreciation, and inflation. An important input is the appropriate cost of uranium, which some students argue should be included at book value, while others argue that market value should be used. Although the primary objective of the case is to focus on the estimation of cash flows, students are provided with a straightforward set of inputs to estimate USEC's weighted average cost of capital. The case is designed for students who are learning, or need a refresher on, DCF analysis. Because of the basic issues covered, the case works well with undergraduate, MBA, and executive-education audiences. The case also affords the opportunity to explore a variety of issues related to capital-investment analysis, including relevant costs, incremental analysis, cost of capital, and sensitivity analysis. The case is an excellent example of the value of a firm as the value of assets in place plus the net present value of future growth opportunities.

scholarly journals The Effect of Corporate Tax Avoidance on the Cost of Equity

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1647-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beng Wee Goh ◽  
Jimmy Lee ◽  
Chee Yeow Lim ◽  
Terry Shevlin
Keyword(s):  
Information Quality ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Cost Of Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT Based on Lambert, Leuz, and Verrecchia's (2007) derivation of the cost of equity capital in terms of expected cash flows, we generate a testable hypothesis that relates tax avoidance to a firm's cost of equity capital. Using three broad measures of tax avoidance—book-tax differences, permanent book-tax differences, and long-run cash effective tax rates—to test our hypothesis, we find that the cost of equity is lower for tax-avoiding firms. This effect is stronger for firms with better outside monitoring, firms that likely realize higher marginal benefits from tax savings, and firms with higher information quality. Overall, our results suggest that equity investors generally require a lower expected rate of return due to the positive cash flow effects of corporate tax avoidance. JEL Classifications: G32; H26; M41.

scholarly journals The Impact of Currency Risk on Firm’s Value in Emerging Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Ilia Kuchin ◽  
Mariia Elkina ◽  
Yury Dranev
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Cost Of Equity ◽  
Currency Risk ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study is dedicated to estimating the impact of currency risk on the cost of equity in Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa. Our contribution to the literature is that we obtain further evidence on pricing of exchange rate risk in developing countries which for now is quite scarce. These motivates our research which is dedicated to BRICS capital markets with Chinese stock market excluded since it is heavily regulated. The aim of the research is to determine whether in emerging countries stock markets currency risk is a significant factor that influence cost of equity capital of a company. Changes in the value of exchange rate can impact cash flows of a firm and their riskiness, hence, the value of the company. In our research we will discuss the influence of exchange rate movements on the value of the firm through their impact on the cost of equity. Specifically, we investigate whether companies that report substantial currency gains or losses have to pay a higher required return on equity. Furthermore, in this study we take an attempt to estimate currency risk premia for exposure to appreciation and depreciation of currency separately and identify possible differences. For each country three models that extend Fama-French Three Factor Model by incorporating currency risk are estimated. We used equal-weighted portfolio approach to construction currency risk factors. They are estimated using information about the ratio of currency gains to sales or the magnitude of covariation between equity returns and exchange rate changes. In the second case appreciation and depreciation of domestic currency against US dollar is considered separately. Results indicate that in Russia firms which report substantial currency losses pay a positive risk premium, while in Brazil, India and South Africa companies with significantly positive or negative currency gains pay a lower required return on equity than firms with almost zero currency gains. Finally, we are trying to explain estimation results using sectoral breakdown of product exports in each country of data sample.

scholarly journals Analyze Return on Equity and Weighted Average Cost of Capital Linkages to Firm Value

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Deuis Kartinah ◽  
Dicky Jhoansyah ◽  
Faizal Mulia Z
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Independent Variable

The company's stock price which always experiences a decline is the background of this research. This study aims to determine the effect of return on equity (ROE) and Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) on firm value in the textile and garment sector which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study using secondary data from is Financial statements of textile and garment companies from 2013 to 2018 obtained through the website Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression and data analysis using IBM Statistics 26. Based on the result of the analysis it can be concluded that return on equity and weighted average cost of capital has a significant effect on firm value with R2 equal to 0,329, which means the contribution of the independent variable to firm value by Price book value (PBV) in textile and garment companies is equal to 32,9 % and the remainder equal to 68,1 % can be explained by other variables outside this study, and based on the value of F with the values 6.606 shows that the simultaneous correlations of independent variables namely ROE and WACC with the dependant variable firm value.

A Theoretical Model for Dividend Policy

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Jun Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Payout Policy ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
Sustainable Growth Rate

Interactive determinations, featured in the corporation’s investing, financing and operating activities, explicitly lead firm’s decision ambiguity of payout policy as the result of benefit pursuit and competing among investors, agencies, and firm’s decision making. The study initiates and develops theoretical decision model through consolidating the segmented optimal decisions of, shareholders, agencies, and firms, recognizing the capital structure, tax effects, cash flows allocation effects, and executives’ utility optimality. It results the constructive implications for the implementation of payout policy, which consist of, equity capital turnover rate, taxes, cost of capital, and sustainable growth rate, and so on.

A New Approach to Capital Budgeting in Closely-Held Firms and Small Firms

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. McInish ◽  
Ronald J. Kudla
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Separation Principle ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Investor Returns

The traditional application of the net present value method in capital budgeting involves the use of market derived discount rates such as the cost of capital. Justification of these discount rates stems from the separation principle that states that investment decisions can be made independent of shareholders' tastes and preferences. The purpose of this paper is to show that the separation principle does not hold for closely-held firms and small firms, and, accordingly, market-derived discount rates are inappropriate. Two capital budgeting techniques which are appropriate for these firms are presented. Accept/reject decisions for capital budgeting projects are often made using a technique known as “net present value” (NPV).1 Using the NPV method, acceptable projects are those for which the project's cost is less than the present value of the project's cash flows discounted at the firm's cost of capital; in other words, acceptable projects have a positive NPV. The firm's cost of capital is usually taken to be the weighted average of the firm's cost of equity and debt as measured by investor returns in the capital markets. Justification for use of a discount rate, determined by reference to market-wide investor returns, is based on “the separation principle” which asserts that corporations can make capital budgeting decisions independently of their shareholders' views.2 But because a critical assumption of the separation principle is that shares are readily marketable, it is likely that the separation principle and, hence, market-determined discount rates are inappropriate for closely-held firms and small firms.3 In this paper, we discuss two capital budgeting approaches which are applicable to firms whose shares are not readily marketable. This paper is divided into five sections. First, we discuss the traditional net present value approach to capital budgeting and, then, we indicate in detail, why it may not be suitable for use by closely-held firms and small firms. In the third and fourth sections, we explain two capital budgeting techniques which may be appropriate for use by these firms. Finally, we summarize our conclusions.

The relation between excess control and cost of capital

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Bozec ◽  
Claude Laurin ◽  
Iwan Meier
Keyword(s):  
Firm Value ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cash Flow Rights ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between dominant shareholders, whose voting rights exceed cash flow rights (excess control), and firms’ cost of capital, including both equity capital and debt. Design/methodology/approach – This research is conducted in Canada over a four-year period from 2002 to 2005 and uses panel data of 155 S&P/TSX firms. The weighted average cost of capital is regressed on excess control using fixed-effect regressions in a two-stage least squares framework. Findings – The paper finds evidence that the cost of capital increases with excess control. The paper also confirms that for firms incorporated under the less protective Quebec incorporation law the excess control and, therefore, cost of capital is higher than for firms incorporated in the other provinces under the common law regime. Originality value – Prior work examined the relationship between excess control and firm value, mostly Tobin's Q. By using cost of capital, the study explores another channel through witch excess control may affect firm value.

scholarly journals CAPITAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS TO OPTIMIZE THE PROFITABILITY OF MSMES (CASE STUDY ON MSMES HIKMAH IN SIDOARJO, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Danur Ramadhani ◽  
Agus Sukoco ◽  
Joko Suyono
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Capital Structure

This study aims to analyze the capital structure used to optimize profitability in MSME embroidery shoes. This study uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The analytical method is used Weighted Average Cost Of Capital (WACC). The techniques of data collection in this research used interview, observation, documentation and triangulation methods. The data that used are financial transaction records and financial statements issued by the company itself. The results showed that UD. Hikmah used the composition of the capital structure consisting of debt of 20%, 80% own capital with a ROE rate of 170%. Optimization results obtained the optimal capital structure composition on the composition of debt 23% and own capital 77%. By generating a level of profitability that can provide a favorable return for business owners, with the highest calculation of ROE that is equal to 173% and the cost of capital to be borne is Rp.18.238.000 every year.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Biaya Modal dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Nilai Saham Bank BTPN Syariah Periode 2018-2020

Owner ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-307
Author(s):  
Siska Yuli Anita
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Stock Value ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Corporate Profits ◽  
Stock Values

Operations and investments of Islamic banks certainly require capital as the foundation and start of the bank's business, so estimating the cost of capital required is an important process and good corporate profits will provide a good image for the company. This study aims to determine the effect of capital with the Weighted Average Cost Of Capital (WACC) method on stock values. The effect of profitability with the ratio of Return On Equity (ROE) on stock value. And the effect of the cost of capital and profitability on the value of the stock. This study uses a descriptive quantitative research method. By using secondary data in the form of monthly financial statements of Bank BTPN Syariah for the 2018-2020 period. All of these data are materials for estimating and calculating the cost of capital and profitability of Bank BTPN Syariah. The results showed that partially the cost of capital had a significant positive effect on the stock value, profitability had a significant negative effect on the stock value. Meanwhile, simultaneously the cost of capital and profitability affect the value of the stock.

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