A Consumers’ Europe? Common Market Governance Between Consumers and Commerce, 1960s-1990s

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-228
Author(s):  
Koen VAN ZON
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Weak Force ◽  
Market Governance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Consumer Representation

With the creation of the common market, citizens of the member states became European consumers. The history of consumer governance in the EEC therefore touches upon the legitimation of European integration. In that light, this article traces the institutionalisation of consumer representation in the EEC from the 1960s to the 1990s, and connects this development with the way in which EEC institutions conceptualised the consumer interest. It shows that during the 1970s, the emerging structures for consumer governance came with representations of the consumer as a powerless figure vis-à-vis big corporations, reflecting the powerlessness of the structures of consumer governance within the EEC. Although the consumer was portrayed as a pivotal figure in the completion of the internal market from the mid-1980s onward, this increase in power was merely rhetorical, and institutional changes largely cosmetic. All in all, consumer protection governance remained a relatively weak force of social protection within the EEC.

Around Cologne cathedral (1954-1957)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Segers
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
European Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cologne Cathedral

Dutch unease with European integration refused to go away. The Common Market – the single most important project in the history of European integration – excluded the UK and therefore the Anglo-Saxon connection so desired by the Dutch. Moreover, kindred spirits like West Germany’s Ludwig Erhard had been outmanoeuvred: during the crucial phase of negotiations for the Rome Treaties, Chancellor Adenauer decided that Franco-German friendship must be prioritised over economic calculations, given the tense international situation (marked by escalating violence in Suez and Hungary and resurgent nationalism ahead of the Saar referendum). Events caught The Hague by surprise once again: behind the scenes, the signing of the Treaties of Rome on the European Economic Community in March 1957 received a lukewarm welcome.

The History of the Common Market

1960 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopold Kohr
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Current Drive ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Markets

The successful establishment of the European Common Market on January 1, 1959, has renewed interest in the tool by which this most ambitious of all economic integration projects has been accomplished. The interest is the greater as this is only the first of three attempts to integrate economic development on a continental scale. The others are the common markets envisioned for Africa and Latin America. This article is an attempt to convey in the briefest possible space the history of economic integration that preceded the current drive toward common markets.

scholarly journals Kärlekens etos i Gösta Ågrens 1960-talslyrik

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-37
Author(s):  
Anna Möller-Sibelius
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Rudolf Steiner ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Aesthetic

The Ethos of Love in Gösta Ågren’s Poems from the 1960s Gösta Ågren is one of the most appreciated poets in contemporary Finland-Swedish literature. Nevertheless, his early works dating back to the 60s have been considered (not least by himself) to be of little interest. The common opinion is that his engagement with left-wing politics impoverished the aesthetic aspects of his poetry; when released from these ideological bonds in the late 1970s he became an important poet. The aim of this article is to call into question the reasons put forth by the negligence of his early poetry. Ågren is one of the earliest examples of the 1960s left-wing movement in Finland-Swedish poetry, which per se is of literary historical interest. However, he combines his Marxist perspective with ideas recognizable in a broader tradition of history of ideas, which makes his ideological and ethical undertaking complex. In addition, he integrates political and existential aspects in his poems at an early stage. In this article, I examine a central theme in Ågren’s early poetry from the 1960s: love. I relate his thoughts on the topic to various thinkers such as eodor W. Adorno & Max Horkheimer, R.W. Emerson, C.G. Jung and Rudolf Steiner. Although love between man and woman in many respects is a timeless issue, the contextual aspects of love are important in Ågren’s poems. Furthermore, in his early poetry dating from the rather dystopic post-war period in Europe love has an emphasized ethical function. In his efforts to find a solution to the problems of a contemporary world in distress, the very concept of “woman” becomes a metaphor for ideas such as peace, hope, love and freedom. Clearly, this is an idealist but also (more surprisingly) a feminist standpoint.

Plan G – A ‘Counterblast’? British Policy towards the Messina Countries, 1956

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schaad
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
European Economic ◽  
European Project ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

As the new Labour government has declared its intention to enhance Britain's role in Europe, there is renewed interest in the chequered history of Anglo-European relations. Of particular relevance in view of the present policy reappraisal is the period between 1955 and 1963, as the challenge here is to account for perhaps the most fundamental policy reversal: from Britain's refusal to take part in the common market project launched by the six member countries of the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) at the Messina conference to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's effort to negotiate entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Given that this latter effort proved unsuccessful, it is said by some that the earlier date represents the British failure to seize the opportunity to be part of the European project. The catchphrase‘missing the boat at Messina’ – though not undisputed – is most illustrative of this view.

The “Sonorous Summons” of the New History of Capitalism, Or, What Are We Talking about When We Talk about Economy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Enstad
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Path ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The tale reads as a classic fall from grace. In the 1960s and 1970s, historians investigated the economy. They were serious and politically relevant. But then the discipline fell to the beguiling ways of cultural and social history. Fractured and fragmented, scholars wandered off like cats into various alleyways, pawed at incomprehensible theories, and lost track of the common reader. There is hope, however, because in the past decade or so a new movement has arisen to lead historians out of the obscure alleyways and back to the main path: the economy, so long neglected.

Internationalism and the Nations of Europe

Worldview ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
John Lukacs
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Common Market ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Western European ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
Schuman Plan ◽  
Better Than

Let us begin with the obvious. A certain kind of “Europe” is taking shape. I put “Europe” within quotation marks. This “Europe” which is taking shape, is a “Europe” of institutions. It is a result of the achievements of the fifties rather than of the forties and of the sixties; of the Schuman Plan and of the Western European Union and of the Common Market, of WEU and EPU and ECSC and EFTA, of Europ and Euratom and Europlan and Eurovision, of OEEC and OECD and TEE.There is nothing in history which is inevitable, and the history of no continent shows this better than the history of Europe: but certain things are irreversible (an interesting thought for philosophers: why, historically speaking, “inevitable” and “irreversible“ are not at all the same) and this development of “European” institutions is one of them.

scholarly journals Agricultural Extension Models in South America: A Description of Systems in Use in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Arboleya ◽  
Ernesto Restaino
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The South ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Information is presented about the linkages and relationships between the research and the transfer of technology-extension systems established within the countries that compose the Common Market of the South [Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR)]. A brief description about the history of agricultural extension in each country is included along with descriptions of the major changes that have occurred within the last 10 years. This analysis allows a general comparison among the different extension approaches, and in particular regarding the institutional development for the system in the four countries of MERCOSUR.

Toward a Speech Sciences Community

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Donald Finan ◽  
Stephen M. Tasko
Keyword(s):  
Science Research ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Mandated Curriculum ◽  
Professional Discipline ◽  
Common Area ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Speech Science

The history of speech-language pathology as a profession encompasses a tradition of knowledge generation. In recent years, the quantity of speech science research and the presence of speech scientists within the domain of the American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA) has diminished, even as ASHA membership and the size of the ASHA Convention have grown dramatically. The professional discipline of speech science has become increasingly fragmented, yet speech science coursework is an integral part of the mandated curriculum. Establishing an active, vibrant community structure will serve to aid researchers, educators, and clinicians as they work in the common area of speech science.

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