scholarly journals History and Overview of Proton Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameer L. Elaimy ◽  
Linda Ding ◽  
Carla Bradford ◽  
Yansong Geng ◽  
Harry Bushe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Proton Therapy ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

The use of proton therapy in oncology is not a new idea. The unique physical properties of protons and potential advantages in radiation therapy were initially recognized in the 1940s. Since the first patients were treated in the 1950s, technology and clinical applications have evolved as evidenced by the increasing number of proton therapy centers and patients being treated throughout the world. This chapter will review the history of proton therapy providing a detailed overview of the cyclotron and synchrotron techniques used and how they have advanced with time.

From Economic Miracle to Standort Deutschland: Exchanging Economic Metaphors in the Federal Republic of Germany

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-65
Author(s):  
Ben Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Economic Miracle ◽  
Economic Achievement ◽  
The World ◽  
German Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

The history of the Federal Republic of Germany is closely connected with economic achievement. Enjoying a striking economic recovery in the 1950s, the FRG became the home of the “economic miracle.” Maturing into one of the most powerful economies in the world, it became known as the “German model” by the 1970s. Now, however, the chief metaphor for the German economy is “Standort Deutschland,” and therein lies the tale of the new German problem.

scholarly journals A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7197
Author(s):  
Pavel Neuberger ◽  
Pavel Kic
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Acoustic Insulation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Building Component ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Biological and Mechanical Synergies to Deal With Proton Therapy Pitfalls: Minibeams, FLASH, Arcs, and Gantryless Rooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Mazal ◽  
Juan Antonio Vera Sanchez ◽  
Daniel Sanchez-Parcerisa ◽  
Jose Manuel Udias ◽  
Samuel España ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Proton Therapy ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
High Dose Rate ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Beam Path ◽  
Entrance Dose ◽  
Dose Constraints ◽  
Very High

Proton therapy has advantages and pitfalls comparing with photon therapy in radiation therapy. Among the limitations of protons in clinical practice we can selectively mention: uncertainties in range, lateral penumbra, deposition of higher LET outside the target, entrance dose, dose in the beam path, dose constraints in critical organs close to the target volume, organ movements and cost. In this review, we combine proposals under study to mitigate those pitfalls by using individually or in combination: (a) biological approaches of beam management in time (very high dose rate “FLASH” irradiations in the order of 100 Gy/s) and (b) modulation in space (a combination of mini-beams of millimetric extent), together with mechanical approaches such as (c) rotational techniques (optimized in partial arcs) and, in an effort to reduce cost, (d) gantry-less delivery systems. In some cases, these proposals are synergic (e.g., FLASH and minibeams), in others they are hardly compatible (mini-beam and rotation). Fixed lines have been used in pioneer centers, or for specific indications (ophthalmic, radiosurgery,…), they logically evolved to isocentric gantries. The present proposals to produce fixed lines are somewhat controversial. Rotational techniques, minibeams and FLASH in proton therapy are making their way, with an increasing degree of complexity in these three approaches, but with a high interest in the basic science and clinical communities. All of them must be proven in clinical applications.

From Reconstruction to the Post-War Boom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Experience ◽  
East West

This chapter reviews the early post-war history of the world economy as reviewed in the Survey. It first looks at the task of reconstruction, which the Survey considered to have been very successful. It then looks at the successful transition to rapid growth in the 1950s, though with persistent concern about the recurrence of crises. The evolution of the system of international trade and payments is analysed next, with world trade embarking in the 1950s on its major historical boom but showing from early on an East/West divide and greater difficulties in reconstructing the system of multilateral payments. Finally, the chapter looks at the early post-war experience of the ‘underdeveloped countries’, where poverty remained ‘as stubborn as ever’.

The Cane or “Bufo” Toad (Rhinella marina) in Florida

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey C. Wilson ◽  
Steven A> Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Rhinella Marina ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

Cane Toads are an invasive species in Florida and in many countries around the world. They have been established in Florida since the 1950s and have now spread to human-modified habitat throughout much of South and Central Florida. Cane Toads are larger and more poisonous than Florida's native toads; they can be fatal to dogs that try to eat them, and more research is necessary to understand their impacts on Florida's native species. This document covers the history of Cane Toads in Florida and how to distinguish them from native species.  It describes their ecology and impacts on both ecosystems and people. Finally, it provides advice for dealing with Cane Toads in yards and neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Etymologie ludowe w toponimach na pograniczu polsko-ruskim

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 109-127
Author(s):  
Monika Kij ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Location Function ◽  
Linguistic Material

Toponyms are interesting linguistic material. They contain knowledge about the environment of our existence - its formation, wealth, history, and even about spatial or social relations. The purpose of this article was to obtain and analyse naming material (names and their folk etymologies) from seventeen villages located within three rural communes on both sides of the San River. The analysis was based on comparison of folk and scientific etymologies. This allowed to answer the questions of how current residents of the former ethnic borderland understand foreign names in their localities, what kind of conceptualisation of the world emerges from folk etymologies, and whether the river San as a natural obstacle significantly influenced the linguistic concepts of its right and left-bank residents. The analysis of toponyms indicates that in rural communities of the studied area, proper names were often motivated by historical, settlement and topographic specifics. Therefore, simple motivation dominates here: creators most often referred to physical properties such as shape and appearance. From other aspects, location, function and local residents were often considered. The relatively high percentage of names with foreign phonetic influences, largely incomprehensible to their contemporary users, stems from the turbulent history of this area and the overlapping Ruthenic, Slovak and other influences. No statistically important differences in conceptualisation of the world between the residents of the east and west sides of the river were detected.

Anticommunists and the World Government Conspiracy

Big Sister ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 38-63
Author(s):  
Erin M. Kempker
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Conspiracy Theory ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
World Government ◽  
John Birch Society ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

Chapter 2 uncovers the rhetoric of national anticommunist organizations, especially Minute Women and the John Birch Society, with regard to fears of a totalitarian world government during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s and explores the related history of one-worldism and millennialism. Activities of Minute Women in Indianapolis prove they acted as guardians of their local communities and sought to block the formation of local groups they believed connected to the communist conspiracy. Also discussed is the appeal of conspiracy theory to rightwing women and connections between anticommunist fears of one-worldism and the burgeoning feminist movement in the early 1960s.

The Novel in Australia from the 1950s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigid Rooney
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multicultural Diversity ◽  
The World ◽  
Revisionist History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

This chapter examines the history of the Australian novel from the 1950s, focusing on the socio-cultural context in which the Australian novel has become heterogeneous in size, outlook, and ethnic composition. It first considers developments in the 1950s–1970s, when Patrick White emerged as a powerful canonical agent in the modernization of Australian literary culture by challenging white Australian conservatism. It then turns to the period 1972–1988, which saw the emergence of novels that reflected progressive nationalism, multicultural diversity reflecting Australia’s changing demographic, the appearance of Indigenous writing, and the new perspectives brought by feminist and revisionist history. It also discusses publishing in the 1990s and beyond, when Australian fiction contested the deep silences brought by colonization and made a shift to transnationalism. The chapter concludes with an assessment of recipients of the Miles Franklin Literary Award and an analysis of the ways in which the novel in Australia has affirmed the interconnectedness of Australian literature with its region and the world.

The Family of Manat the Museum of Modern Art: The Power of the Image in 1950s America

Prospects ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 367-391
Author(s):  
Eric J. Sandeen
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Museum Of Modern Art ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Cultural Event ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

The family of man was an important cultural event of the 1950s. This great photographic exhibition, which drew record crowds at the Museum of Modern Art and attracted over 9,000,000 people on its sixyear, world-wide tour, was the work of Edward Steichen, who saw the opportunity for a retrospective on the history of photography as well as a comment on the perils of modern-day society. The exhibition took on a life of its own. It surpassed in popularity even the optimistic prediction of Steichen and defied the bland skepticism of other departments within the Museum. Museum workers received their first bonus because of its success. Popular magazines and newspapers from all over the world saw in the exhibition a penetratingly simple statement about the first decade of the nuclear age, and millions of people became acquainted with a photographic language to which they had not been exposed before.

scholarly journals Back to the XXIII Russian oncology congress: will radiotherapy soon become entirely the proton one?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
N.  V. Dengina ◽  
T. Mitin ◽  
N.  A. Vorobjov
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Proton Therapy ◽  
Physical Basis ◽  
Proton Radiation ◽  
Discussion Session ◽  
Proton Radiation Therapy ◽  
Photon Irradiation ◽  
The World ◽  
Proton Treatment

The article presents two opinions regarding proton radiation therapy, its physical basis, dosimetric specifics and clinical efficacy in comparison with more traditional photon irradiation, as well as the authors» opinions concerning the expanding indications for proton therapy and the rationale for opening new centers for proton treatment in the world. This review has become a continuation of the discussion session on proton therapy held at the XXIII Russian Oncology Congress in November 2019.

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