The Sinai II Agreements of 1975

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-175
Author(s):  
Kenneth Kolander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Congressional Record ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Congressional Hearing ◽  
Executive Agreements

The fifth and final chapter examines the controversial and secret executive agreements connected to Sinai II, concluded in September 1975, in the context of a congressional effort to restrict the broad use of such agreements. The agreements committed the United States to providing for Israel’s military and economic security and pledged to not advance any steps in the peace process without Israel’s approval. Numerous legislators argued that the agreements marked a fundamental and questionable shift in U.S.-Israel relations and that they resembled treaties, which required Senate approval. Based on research from the Congressional Record, Center for Legislative Archives at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and congressional hearing reports, the chapter shows that legislators felt handcuffed. They felt obligated to pass a resolution to allow for U.S. technicians to man an early-warning station in the Sinai Peninsula in order to preserve the agreement between Israel and Egypt. But by passing the resolution, Congress also authorized, by what Sen. Joe Biden (D-DE) called “backdoor” approval, the executive agreements that committed the United States to providing for the future economic, military, and energy needs of Israel, regardless of Israel’s willingness to adhere to the spirit of U.N. Resolution 242.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

News and Queries

1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Intensive Search

Inventaire de la Série Mi des Archives de la République Malgache, by Jean Valette, Archivist (Imprimerie Nationale, Tananarive, 1963), 16 pp. reprinted from the Bulletin de Madagascar, No. 201 (February, 1963), pp. 163-176. Useful guide to the recently microfilmed collections deposited at the National Archives of Madagascar after an intensive search for foreign source materials conducted by the Archivist, Jean Valette. The inventory contains such items as photocopies from archives in Mauritius pertaining to Madagascar, 1767-1848; microfilms of the correspondence of General Gallieni, deposited at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris; microfilms of documents on Madagascar preserved at the Bibliothèque Centrale des Archives du Ministère de la Marine de France; microfilms of documents relating to Madagascar before 1789 deposited at the Archives du Ministere des Affaires Etrangères de France as well as certain political correspondence for the period 1816-1885 from the same collection. In addition to these sources the guide lists manuscripts from the British Museum and the National Archives of the United States of America concerning Madagascar.

scholarly journals Escalation through Entanglement: How the Vulnerability of Command-and-Control Systems Raises the Risks of an Inadvertent Nuclear War

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Acton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Organizational Reform ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
Damage Limitation ◽  
And Control

Nonnuclear weapons are increasingly able to threaten dual-use command, control, communication, and intelligence assets that are spaced based or distant from probable theaters of conflict. This form of “entanglement” between nuclear and nonnuclear capabilities creates the potential for Chinese or Russian nonnuclear strikes against the United States or U.S. strikes against either China or Russia to spark inadvertent nuclear escalation. Escalation pressures could be generated through crisis instability or through one of two newly identified mechanisms: “misinterpreted warning” or the “damage-limitation window.” The vulnerability of dual-use U.S. early-warning assets provides a concrete demonstration of the risks. These risks would be serious for two reasons. First, in a conventional conflict against the United States, China or Russia would have strong incentives to launch kinetic strikes on U.S. early-warning assets. Second, even limited strikes could undermine the United States' ability to monitor nuclear attacks by the adversary. Moreover, cyber interference with dual-use early-warning assets would create the additional danger of the target's misinterpreting cyber espionage as a destructive attack. Today, the only feasible starting point for efforts to reduce the escalation risks created by entanglement would be unilateral measures—in particular, organizational reform to ensure that those risks received adequate consideration in war planning, acquisition decisions, and crisis decisionmaking. Over the longer term, unilateral measures might pave the way for more challenging cooperative measures, such as agreed restrictions on threatening behavior.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Willmetts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American History ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Architectural Feature ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Us ◽  
Office Of Strategic Services ◽  
The Sacrifice

If official secrecy had a devastating impact on American history, its impact on Americans’ understanding of that history was a collateral disaster.1 Richard Gid Powers, introduction to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy: The American Experience 13 Rue Madeleine, a 1947 semi-documentary that commemorates the sacrifice and courage of the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s) wartime predecessor, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), opens with a shot of the US National Archives Building on Pennsylvania Avenue. The building’s location, at the heart of the nation’s capital on the Washington Mall, amidst so many iconic monuments to American democracy, is no accident. Like the Washington or Lincoln Memorial, it is a depository of historical experience that binds up the nation. In its inner-sanctum, as audiences then and now would know, the United States of America’s founding documents, including the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, are housed. After the establishing shot the camera slowly tilts from top to bottom, surveying the archive’s columnar neo-classical facade – a common architectural feature of America’s monuments that evokes a sense of both history and authority. Finally, it comes to rest on a statue in the forecourt of the archive called Future. On Future’s plinth, the inscription reads: ‘What is Past is Prologue’. At this point we hear the booming voice of an omniscient narrator – an oratory style borrowed from the newsreels of the time that was also a defining feature of the semi-documentary format:...

Epilogue

Mortal Doubt ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Fontes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gang Member ◽  
Central American ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Global Uncertainty

The final chapter traces the fates of several main characters in prison and on the street through the chaos of Guatemalan politics in recent years. It splices these narratives into a discussion of how reactionary political movements in the United States are drawing on the image of the Central American gang member (among a list of evil, barbarous “others”) to push anti-immigrant agendas in a moment of profound global uncertainty and unrest.

Coda

2018 ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Insko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Twenty First Century

The book’s final chapter turns to the twenty-first-century historical present to examine the resurgence of pious warnings about the dangers of presentism in current debates over historical monuments and other forms of historical commemoration. After linking, by way of Afrofuturism, the recent political slogan #StayWoke to the political disposition identified in the book’s previous chapters, I turn to debates about the renaming of college buildings in order to challenge the ideas about history promoted by antipresentists, whose claims are themselves often ahistorical. The historiographical injunction against presentism, I claim, has unwittingly sustained white supremacy in the United States. I feel strongly that we’re not yet done with history—but not done precisely because of, not despite, the history that we inhabit.

Conclusions and extensions

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Erik Bleich ◽  
Maurits van der Veen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Time ◽  
The Media ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Comparative Measure

The final chapter summarizes the main findings, the most important of which is that coverage of Muslims in the United States is strikingly negative by any comparative measure, whether group, time, country, or topic. It draws on these core findings to reflect on whether American newspapers—and the media more broadly—may be fostering Islamophobia, and how they serve to reinforce boundaries between social groups that contribute to ongoing stigmatization of Muslims. It suggests that journalists and citizens develop the instinct to tone-check the media in an effort to limit the harmful effects of the deep and abiding negativity so commonly associated with Muslims and Islam.

Development of communication networks and water quality early warning detection systems at drinking water utilities in the Ohio river valley basin

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
J.G. Schulte ◽  
A.H. Vicory
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
The United States ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Ohio River Valley

Source water quality is of major concern to all drinking water utilities. The accidental introduction of contaminants to their source water is a constant threat to utilities withdrawing water from navigable or industrialized rivers. The events of 11 September, 2001 in the United States have heightened concern for drinking water utility security as their source water and finished water may be targets for terrorist acts. Efforts are underway in several parts of the United States to strengthen early warning capabilities. This paper will focus on those efforts in the Ohio River Valley Basin.

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