Thyroid hormone levels in Tortoises (Testudo spp.) depending on Season and Sex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Leineweber ◽  
Sabine Öfner ◽  
Karina Mathes ◽  
Hans-Peter Piepho ◽  
Rachel E. Marschang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Testudo Graeca ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels

Thyroid hormones and the factors influencing them are rarely studied in tortoises. This study therefore aimed to calculate reference intervals (RI) for specific species, sexes, and seasons for thyroid hormones and iodine levels in blood of four adult Mediterranean tortoise species and to evaluate possible correlations between thyroid hormones, serum iodine, plasma protein and increased liver and kidney values. Thyroid hormones (total tetraiodothyronine [tT4], free tetraiodothyronine [fT4], total triiodothyronine [tT3], and free triiodothyronine [fT3]) were measured in plasma from adult, healthy Hermann´s (Testudo hermanni, n = 255), spur-thighed (Testudo graeca, n = 89), marginated (Testudo marginata, n = 72), and Russian tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii, n = 30). Species, sex and season specific variations were determined by Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and correlations between plasma thyroid hormones, protein, iodine and increased liver/kidney values were evaluated by Spearman’s rank correlation test. Total T4 did not reveal any species, sex, or seasonal differences (RI 0.102 to 0.455 µg/dL), while seasonal differences were found for fT4 (RI spring 0.624 to 9.012; summer 0.379 to 5.476; fall 0.376 to 5.426 pmol/L). The tT3 levels differed significantly depending on species, season, and the interaction of species x season. Seasonal differences were also found for fT3 and iodine. Several significant (p < 0.05) correlations were detected between the tested analytes, especially positive correlations between tT4 and fT4. These results provide a tool for the evaluation of thyroid hormone levels in Mediterranean tortoises and indicate the influence of season on the thyroid in these animals.

scholarly journals Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Pornpimol Kongtip ◽  
Noppanun Nankongnab ◽  
Ritthirong Pundee ◽  
Nichcha Kallayanatham ◽  
Sumate Pengpumkiat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Pesticide Exposures ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽  
Acute Changes

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.

scholarly journals Clinical Associations of Thyroid Hormone Levels with the Risk of Atherosclerosis in Euthyroid Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Central China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Limin Wang ◽  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiawei Yu ◽  
Huijuan Yuan ◽  
Xinru Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Central China ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels

Background. Thyroid function is associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and potentially contributes to the development of the complications of T2D. The association of thyroid hormones with atherosclerosis in euthyroid T2D patients is not clear. Purpose. To investigate the association of thyroid hormone levels with the risk of developing atherosclerosis in euthyroid T2D patients in Central China. Methods. This cross-sectional study recruited 910 euthyroid T2D patients from Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, China. Association among hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), thyroid hormones, and the prevalence of atherosclerosis was assessed by multivariable Cox models after adjusting for covariates including age, BMI, duration of T2D, smoking status, SBP, TC, family history of T2D, and medications on hyperlipidemia. Results. Among all 910 subjects, 373 were diagnosed with atherosclerosis. There were 523 females and 387 males included in this study. The mean age was 51.9 years. The average BMI was 25.3 kg/m2. Low-normal serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels (3.50–4.17 pmol/L) were associated with a high prevalence of atherosclerosis. Comparing with low-normal FT3, the prevalence ratio in patients with mid- (4.17–4.83 pmol/L) and high-normal FT3 level (4.83–6.50 pmol/L) is 0.74 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.97, p=0.029) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.87, p=0.005) after adjusting for covariates. High level of free thyroxine (FT4) also had decreased risk for atherosclerosis. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and FT3 to FT4 ratio did not show significant association with the development of atherosclerosis. Conclusion. T2D patients with low but clinically normal FT3 level are more likely to develop macrovascular complications comparing with those with mid- and high-normal FT3 level.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormones reference ranges during each trimester of normal pregnancy subjects in Andhra Pradesh, South India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4499
Author(s):  
V. Uma ◽  
A. V. Suresh Babu ◽  
Hanumanth N.
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels

Background: The Thyroid hormones normal levels are very much essential for fetal neural development and good pregnancy outcome. Thyroid insufficiency during pregnancy may be associated with adverse obstetric outcome and fetal neurodevelopmental deficits. The main objective of the study is to estimate and establish the reference ranges of thyroid hormones as it varies from place to place and inter dependent on the iodine levels as the American Thyroid Association strongly recommends to refer to population defined trimester-specific reference ranges.Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted at obstetric clinic, Kakinada city, Andhra Pradesh over a period of 18 months. The total number of normal pregnancy subjects included in this study was 126. Thyroid hormones estimation was done by Competitive electrochemiluminescence (T3 and T4) and Sandwich electrochemiluminescence (TSH) at Thyorocare Laboratory. Only 47 subjects were having all three trimester thyroid hormone levels estimated during each trimester and were followed up to full term. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were calculated as the reference intervals for thyroid hormone levels during each trimester.Results: The thyroid hormone levels during first, second and third trimesters median with reference intervals - Total Triiodothyronine (T3) : 163(100.2-230), 168(121-219.2), 168(110.2-222.6) ng/dl ,Total Thyroxine (T4) : 8.4(4.05-16.64) , 10.2(4.09-18.7), 11.2(3.8-16.7) μg/dl and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH ):2.52(1.6-7.9) 3.01(1.28-7.6) 3(1.5-8.4) μIU/mlConclusions: The trimester-specific reference intervals and median for thyroid hormones during normal pregnancy have been established for pregnant South Indian women in Andhra Pradesh by full term follow-up during pregnancy using 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles and median.

scholarly journals Demonstration of reciprocal diurnal variation in human serum T3 and rT3 concentration demonstrated by mass spectrometric analysis and establishment of thyroid hormone reference intervals

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204201882092268
Author(s):  
Qian Sun ◽  
Lívia Avallone ◽  
Brian Stolze ◽  
Katherine A. Araque ◽  
Yesim Özarda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Reverse T3 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Thyroxine

Background: There has been a wide range of reference intervals proposed in previous literature for thyroid hormones due to large between-assay variability of immunoassays, as well as lack of correction for collection time. We provided the diurnal reference intervals for five thyroid hormones, namely total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and reverse T3 (rT3), measured in serum samples of healthy participants using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Methods: Couplet serum samples (a.m. and p.m.) were collected from 110 healthy females and 49 healthy males. Healthy volunteers were recruited from four participating centers between 2016 and 2018. Measurements of thyroid hormones were obtained by LC-MS/MS analysis. Results: Our study revealed significant uptrend in AM to PM FT4 ( p < 0.0001) samples, downtrend in AM to PM TT3 ( p = 0.0004) and FT3 samples ( p < 0.0001), and AM to PM uptrend in rT3 samples ( p < 0.0001). No difference was observed for TT4 between AM and PM. No significant sex differences were seen for any of the five thyroid hormones. Conclusion: When diagnosing thyroid disorders, it is important to have accurate measurement of thyroid hormones, and to acknowledge the diurnal fluctuation found, especially for FT3. Our study highlights the importance of standardization of collection times and implementation of LC-MS/MS in thyroid hormone measurement.

Hypothyroidism does not affect the dihydropyridine sensitivity of precontracted murine uterus

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 890-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg W Wegener ◽  
Matthias Lee ◽  
Franz Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Uterine Muscle ◽  
Channel Expression ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽  
Pregnant State

Thyroid hormones are known to influence various processes of cell differentiation. Recently, it was reported that hypothyroidism reduces the sensitivity to Ca2+-channel antagonists in the rat uterus. We examined the sensitivity to dihydropyridines of the uterus from mice that had reduced thyroid hormone levels. Isradipine relaxed with the same potency precontracted uterine muscle strips from control and hypothyroid mice, independently from a pseudo-pregnant state. These results demonstrate that hypothyroidism does not change dihydropyridine sensitivity (i.e., the pattern of Ca2+-channel expression) in the murine uterus.Key words: uterus, smooth muscle, Ca2+ channel, isradipine.

scholarly journals Pediatric reference intervals for thyroid hormone levels from birth to adulthood: a retrospective study

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Kapelari ◽  
Christine Kirchlechner ◽  
Wolfgang Högler ◽  
Katharina Schweitzer ◽  
Irene Virgolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels

scholarly journals Specific Reference Intervals of Serum Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone in Normal Pregnant Indian Women as per Trimester

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Nandita Hazra ◽  
Binay Mitra ◽  
Reetika Pal
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

ABSTRACT Aim Maternal thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy are vital for the health of the mother as well as the developing child. Fetal growth is affected by maternal thyroid levels. Various physiological changes like alterations of thyroxine-binding globulins, human chorionic gonadotropin level, and changes in iodide metabolism affect maternal thyroid hormone levels. Therefore, reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid hormones in pregnant population require to be established separately from the general population. Materials and methods The RIs of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined in healthy pregnant women by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique after segregating them into three trimesters. This study was conducted in a 492-bedded zonal-level hospital. The reference population was chosen from a study population of pregnant women by strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The assays were done by the most-commonly used, economical ELISA method employing standard kits. Tests were done using accurate and precise methods with proper quality control measures. Results The RIs were calculated from the central 95% of distribution of total T3, total T4, and TSH values located between 2.5 and 97.5 percentile values. The 0.90 confidence intervals for the upper and lower reference limits were calculated. The values thus obtained were different from those provided by the manufacturer kit literature. Conclusion It is recommended to determine one's own laboratory-specific, method-specific, trimester-wise RIs for maternal thyroid hormone status and use them for screening of pregnant women. How to cite this article Chakrabarty BK, Mitra B, Pal R, Hazra N. Specific Reference Intervals of Serum Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone in Normal Pregnant Indian Women as per Trimester. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(1):17-21.

scholarly journals SAT-LB80 Elevated Pre-Op Thyrotropin Levels Are Associated With Increased 30-Day Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shariq Rashid Masoodi ◽  
Rameesa Batul ◽  
Khurram Maqbool ◽  
Amir Zahoor ◽  
Mona Sood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Icu Stay ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormones

Abstract BACKGROUND: The association between thyroid dysfunction and postoperative mortality is contentious. Thyroid function is frequently depressed during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgical procedures, and this may adversely affect myocardial performance and postop outcome.OBJECTIVES: To study i) the changes and clinical significance of serum thyroid hormones during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and ii) the association between biochemically assessed peri-op thyroid function and 30-day mortality after CBPSTUDY DESIGN: Prospective Cohort StudySUBJECTS: 279 patients undergoing various cardiac surgeries under cardiopulmonary bypass.METHODS: All consenting patients undergoing open heart surgery in last five years at a tertiary care centre in North-India were studied. The thyroid hormone levels (Total T3, T4 and TSH) were measured before admission, and postoperatively on Day 1 & 7, and 3 months following surgery. The patients’ gender, age, weight, body mass index, heart disease details, previous cardiac surgeries, and cardiac surgery-related data such as pump time, aortic clamping time, hypothermia duration, postoperative hemodynamic status and postoperative use of inotropic drugs were recorded and analysed. Patients were classified as having biochemically overt or subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, normal thyroid function, or non-classifiable state based on preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone and total T4 values. Outcome data were collected from hospital records. Biochemical thyroid dysfunction was not systematically treated. Outcomes measured were length of ICU stay, postoperative complications and 30-day mortality.RESULTS: There was significant changes in thyroid function in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (Fig 1). All patients showed a decrease in T3, T4 and TSH after surgery. Post-op complications were observed in 137 patients (49%) most common being atrial fibrillation (34%) followed by acute kidney injury (23%), infections (18%), dyselectrolytemia (7%), bleeding (1.4%) and ARDS (1.4%). Of 263 patients followed, eventually 26 patients expired with a mortality rate of 8.89% (95% CI, 0.4 - 19.4). Perioperatively, there was a significant correlation between 30-day with type of surgery (r, 0.26), aortic clamp time (r, 0.45), CBP time (r, 0.48), number of inotropes used (r, 0.57), hours of mechanical ventilation (r, 0.4), ICU stay (r, 0.13) and post-op complications (r, 0.24), as well as with the reduction in the thyroid hormone levels; 17 (7%), 3 (20%) and 6 (46%) patients of those with pre-op TSH level of &lt;6.5, &gt;6.5 and &gt;10.5 mIU/L expired (p &lt;0.001).CONCLUSION: Pre-op thyroid dysfunction is associated with increased mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CBP. Excess mortality with elevated serum TSH levels suggests the importance of timely detection and intervention in individuals with thyroid dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery.Table of Contents oTable 1. Characteristics of patients who expired versus those who survived cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) oFig 1. Changes in serum thyroid hormones during CPB surgery oTable 1. Characteristics of patients who expired versus those who survived cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) oFigures in parenthesis indicate ±Standard Deviation, unless indicated otherwise oFig 1. Changes in serum thyroid hormones during CPB surgery

Developmentally regulated thyroid hormone distributor proteins in marsupials, a reptile, and fish

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (5) ◽  
pp. R1264-R1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Richardson ◽  
Julie A. Monk ◽  
Caroline A. Shepherdley ◽  
Lars O. E. Ebbesson ◽  
Frank Sin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Thyroxine Binding Globulin ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels ◽  
Lipid Environment

Thyroid hormones are essential for vertebrate development. There is a characteristic rise in thyroid hormone levels in blood during critical periods of thyroid hormone-regulated development. Thyroid hormones are lipophilic compounds, which readily partition from an aqueous environment into a lipid environment. Thyroid hormone distributor proteins are required to ensure adequate distribution of thyroid hormones, throughout the aqueous environment of the blood, and to counteract the avid partitioning of thyroid hormones into the lipid environment of cell membranes. In human blood, these proteins are albumin, transthyretin and thyroxine-binding globulin. We analyzed the developmental profile of thyroid hormone distributor proteins in serum from a representative of each order of marsupials ( M. eugenii; S.crassicaudata), a reptile ( C. porosus), in two species of salmonoid fishes ( S. salar; O. tshawytsch), and throughout a calendar year for sea bream ( S. aurata). We demonstrated that during development, these animals have a thyroid hormone distributor protein present in their blood which is not present in the adult blood. At least in mammals, this additional protein has higher affinity for thyroid hormones than the thyroid hormone distributor proteins in the blood of the adult. In fish, reptile and polyprotodont marsupial, this protein was transthyretin. In a diprotodont marsupial, it was thyroxine-binding globulin. We propose an hypothesis that an augmented thyroid hormone distributor protein network contributes to the rise in total thyroid hormone levels in the blood during development.

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