Merchants, Ship Brokers and Agents, Stevedoring and Warehousing Companies

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Maritime Museum

This introductory chapter provides brief descriptions of the roles of merchants, shipbrokers and agents, and defines stevedoring and porterage. The chapter focuses in particular on the maritime development of Liverpool from the eighteenth century and uses resources from Merseyside Maritime Museum to provide records and accounts of merchants, ship brokers and agents, and stevedoring and warehousing companies.

Introduction and Overview

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Prewitt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Racial Classification ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Definition Of

This introductory chapter discusses how there was a racial classification scheme in America's first census (1790), as there was in the next twenty-two censuses, up until the present. Though the classification was altered in response to the political and intellectual fashions of the day, the underlying definition of America's racial hierarchy never escaped its origins in the eighteenth-century. Even the enormous changing of the racial landscape in the civil rights era failed to challenge a dysfunctional classification, though it did bend it to new purposes. Nor has the demographic upheaval of the present time led to much fresh thinking about how to measure America. The chapter contends that twenty-first-century statistics should not be governed by race thinking that is two and a half centuries out of date.

Introduction

Unfelt ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
James Noggle
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Strong Feeling ◽  
To Come

This introductory chapter discusses the peculiar combination of the unfelt emergence and motions of strongly felt feelings, which appears all over eighteenth-century writing. The usages express something deep but inexplicit about how affect was understood in the eighteenth century, how feeling, passions, the emotions, and even perception itself were seen subtly to come into existence and move people. Instead of drawing attention to itself as an especially significant, well-defined concept or idea, a word like insensibly occurs almost in passing in the period's writing. But this unstudied casualness, far from rendering its meaning insignificant, holds a key to its power. A scarcely noticed but crucial and consistent set of gestures to an affect that cannot be felt: that is the terrain this book explores. Instead of indicating a mere lack of feeling—an affective blockage, impassivity, stupefaction—insensibly unfolding processes initiate and build strong feeling or make it possible.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Philosophy And Literature ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter provides context for the volume’s subsequent contributions on Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship on a variety of levels. It begins by explaining its aims with regard to the relationship between philosophy and literature. It then locates Goethe’s novel within this set of aims in three ways: first, by providing a brief outline of Goethe’s career; second, by locating his novel in the literary-historical context of late eighteenth-century Europe; and third, by outlining the connections between the Goethe of Wilhelm Meister and specific philosophers and thinkers who influenced his thought and for whom his work was in turn influential.

Introduction

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Shaul Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Jewish Settlement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Separate Identity ◽  
First World

This introductory chapter describes the unique aspects of the yeshivas of nineteenth-century Lithuania. These yeshivas represented a major attempt on the part of traditional Jewry to cope with the challenges of modernity. The Jews of nineteenth-century Lithuania thus defined had several distinguishing characteristics. In religious terms, most were traditional, in the sense that they had withstood the innovations of hasidism; in fact, the strength of the opposition to that movement in Lithuania was such that they came collectively to be known as mitnagedim (opponents) — that is, opponents of hasidism. Economically, they were mostly poorer than Jews in other major areas of Jewish settlement, such as Poland or Bukovina, and lived in more crowded conditions. Until 1764, they benefited from self-government under the Va'ad Medinat Lita (Council of the Land of Lithuania). By the beginning of the eighteenth century this body had ceased to function, but the distinction between the Jews of Lithuania and those of the neighbouring regions continued to exist — not least because the Lithuanian Jews spoke a distinctive dialect of Yiddish. These and other factors ensured that they continued to maintain a separate identity among the Jews of eastern Europe until the First World War.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L. Poundie Burstein
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sonata Form ◽  
Musical Form

Musical form is often discussed by appealing to metaphors that compare formal sections either to types of containers or to segments of journeys. Although both metaphors are usually combined and used interchangeably by most music analysts, since the nineteenth century container metaphors for form have tended to dominate. This contrasts with what was witnessed during the eighteenth century, where journey metaphors for musical form were more prevalent. The introductory chapter broadly compares container metaphors and journal metaphors for form, especially as they apply to sonata-form expositions in works composed during the Galant era. This chapter also introduces some of the features that tend to distinguish eighteenth-century formal discussions from modern ones, and it concludes with a preview of some of the strategies to be explored in subsequent chapters.

scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ozan Ozavci
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Self ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

The Introductory chapter discusses the overarching question of the book: how did it all begin? Since when did the self-defined Great Powers of the nineteenth century––Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia––come to assume responsibility for providing security in the Levant. Why? The Introduction traces the answer of these questions to the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and maintains that Great Power interventions in the nineteenth-century Levant need to be considered not only in reference to their immediate causes, theatres, and implications. It is essential to take into account the continuity that European and Levantine actors saw in regional affairs from the late eighteenth century through until at least the mid-nineteenth. There is a need to foreground the persistent patterns or cultures of security within which violence was generated and sustained, and how the quest for security acted as an organizing principle of international relations. It also discusses the importance of considering these interventions in the fabric of the Eastern Question. It invites the readers to view the latter not only as a European question, as the existing literature has us believe, but also as an Ottoman question, whereby the agency of the Ottoman ministers and other local actors was more central than has been documented.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Anglican Church ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Significant Factors ◽  
Established Church

This introductory chapter discusses the two ‘E-word’ coordinates of the volume—‘Establishment’ and ‘Empire’—which were arguably the most significant factors affecting the Anglican Church between 1662 and 1829 and asks what the consequences were for the Church of its establishment status and how it was affected by being the established Church of an emerging global power. The chapter surveys the historiography and argues that the Church was far more vital to the period than is often maintained. The chapter also explores the relationship between Anglicanism and two other ‘E-words’—‘Enlightenment’ and ‘Evangelicalism’—which have often been seen as critical reactions against the Church. While the themes of ‘Establishment’, ‘Empire’, ‘Enlightenment’, and ‘Evangelicalism’ had separate, and sometimes competing, trajectories, as this volume indicates, Anglicanism during the long eighteenth century could also hold them together in distinctive ways.

Introduction

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Billings
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Emotional Effect ◽  
Literature And Philosophy ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Human World

This introductory chapter provides an overview of tragedy. Tragedy is the most philosophical of art forms. However, tragedy has not always been philosophical in the same way. Around 1800, tragedy's way of meaning underwent a major shift, with broad consequences for thought on literature and philosophy. Through the eighteenth century, tragedy had been considered primarily in rhetorical terms as a way of producing a certain emotional effect, but since 1800 it has more often been considered in speculative terms as a way of making sense of the human world. It is only since around 1800 that works of art have been considered in such philosophical and often metaphysical terms. Greek tragedy played a leading role in this development, as the foundation for elaborating a concept of “the tragic” that extended far beyond an aesthetic context, encompassing history, politics, religion, and ontology.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Saint-Amand
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Michel Foucault

This introductory chapter illustrates individual instances maintaining their distance from the eighteenth century's prevailing trends. In contrast, at the threshold of industrialization, there is a series of characters set against the grain of utility and functionality, repeatedly contesting the universality of labor and activity. The chapter reconstitutes an other discourse of laziness, a contradictory and oppositional vision that defies what Michel Foucault might call the techno-disciplinary model of mercantile society. Through a number of portraits of homo otiosus, mined from the underside of the laborious eighteenth century, various figures of idleness as a positive value will come to light: the journalist of Marivaux's youthful writings and his philosopher bum, Rousseau as a writer belatedly proclaiming laziness in his final years, and Diderot's famous parasite, Rameau's Nephew.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Mintzker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
German Nation ◽  
German Speaking

This introductory chapter discusses how the historical figure of Joseph Süss Oppenheimer—also known as Jew Süss—is incredibly elusive, and any understanding of him must begin with the political and legal regimes under which he lived and died. Oppenheimer spent almost his entire life in the southwest corner of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. In the eighteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was the general political organization that connected the hundreds of more or less sovereign polities in German-speaking central Europe. Especially important for understanding Oppenheimer's case is the fact that the Empire's members shared a common legal system scholars term “inquisitorial.”

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