scholarly journals How the eyes add fractions: Adult eye movement patterns during fraction addition problems

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Obersteiner ◽  
Isabella Staudinger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Fraction Addition

Recent studies have tracked eye movements to assess the cognitive processes involved in fraction comparison. This study advances that work by assessing eye movements during the more complex task of fraction addition. Adults mentally solved fraction addition problems that were presented on a computer screen. The study included four types of problems. The two fractions in each problem had either like denominators (e.g., 3/7 + 2/7), or unlike denominators exhibiting one of the following relationships: one denominator was a multiple of the other denominator (e.g., 2/3 + 1/9), both denominators were prime numbers (e.g., 2/7 + 3/5), or both denominators had a common divisor larger than one (e.g., 5/6 + 3/8). Self-reports, accuracy, and response times confirmed that participants adapted their strategy use according to problem type. We analysed the number of eye fixations on each fraction component, as well as the number of saccades (rapid eye movements) between fixations on components. We found that participants predominantly processed the fraction components separately rather than processing the overall fraction magnitudes. Alternating between the two denominators appeared to be the dominant process, although in problems with common denominators alternating between numerators was dominant. Participants rarely used diagonal saccades in any of the problems, which would indicate cross-multiplication. Our findings suggest that adults adapt their cognitive processes of fraction addition according to problem type. We discuss the implications of our findings for numerical cognition and mathematics education, as well as the limitations of our current understanding of eye movement patterns.

scholarly journals Effects of search intent on eye-movement patterns in a change detection task

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangil Lee ◽  
Minho Lee ◽  
Hyeonggyu Park ◽  
Mun-Seon Chang ◽  
Ho-Wan Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Movement Index

The goal of the present study was to examine whether intention type affects eye movement patterns in a change detection task In addition, we assessed whether the eye movement index could be used to identify human implicit intent. We attempted to generate three types of intent amongst the study participants, dividing them into one of three conditions; each condition received different information regarding an impending change to the visual stimuli. In the “navigational intent” condition, participants were asked to look for any interesting objects, and were not given any more information about the impending change. In the “low-specific intent” condition, participants were informed that a change would occur. In the “high-specific intent” condition, participants were told that a change would occur, and that an object would disappear. In addition to this main change detection task, participants also had to perform a primary task, in which they were required to name aloud the colors of objects in the pre-change scene. This allowed us to control for the visual searching process during the pre-change scene. The main results were as follows: firstly, the primary task successfully controlled for the visual search process during the pre-change scene, establishing that there were no differences in the patterns of eye movements across all three conditions despite differing intents. Secondly, we observed significantly different patterns of eye movement between the conditions in the post-change scene, suggesting that generating a specific intent for change detection yields a distinctive pattern of eye-movements. Finally, discriminant function analysis showed a reasonable classification rate for identifying a specific intent. Taken together, it was found that both participant intent and the specificity of information provided to the participants affect eye movements in a change detection task.

Eye Movement Patterns Characteristic of Cognitive Style

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ortal Nitzan-Tamar ◽  
Bracha Kramarski ◽  
Eli Vakil
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Analytic Group ◽  
Overall Response ◽  
Analytic Cognitive Style

Abstract. Various tools have been designed to classify the wholistic/analytic cognitive style, based mostly on behavioral data that reveals little about how these processes function. The main goal of this study is to characterize patterns of eye movements (EM) that are typical of learners with tendencies toward wholistic/analytic styles. Forty students completed the E-CSA-W/A test, while their EM were simultaneously monitored. The results revealed that the overall response time of the wholist group was lower in both tasks. The differences in response time between the groups are interpreted as being influenced by impulsive/reflective styles. While the behavioral data provide us with the end result and quantitative differences between the groups, EM provide us with the qualitative information about the process that led to the response. The study showed that the wholist group is characterized by less fixations and transitions than the analytic group, which is interpreted as reflecting use of whole/partial strategy.

Defense Mechanisms, Somatic Symptoms and Lateral Eye Movements in Females

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Thompson ◽  
Roger P. Greenberg ◽  
Seymour Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Psychological Defenses ◽  
Female Subjects

Research with male subjects has related lateral eye movements to preferred mode of defense and psychosomatic symptoms. However, previous research has systematically excluded female subjects which precluded the investigation of hypothesized but not yet confirmed patterns of sex differences. The present study examined the relationship between lateral eye movements, psychological defenses, and somatic symptoms in females. Lateral eye-movement patterns were assessed for 32 female undergraduate students, who were then administered the Defense Mechanism Inventory and Body Symptom Questionnaire. The data indicated no relationship between eye-movement patterns and either defensive style or somatic symptoms. Previous concerns about using female subjects in lateral eye-movement studies appear justified as this may decrease the probability of finding effects of lateralization.

Selective Attention and Eye Movements While Viewing Reversible Figures

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Hamilton Holcomb ◽  
Henry H. Holcomb ◽  
Augustin De La Peña
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Ambiguous Figures ◽  
Motivational Styles ◽  
Reversible Figures ◽  
Scanning Behavior

This study suggests that different eye-movement patterns are associated with reversals of ambiguous figures. The high scanners seem to be more dependent on eye movements for reversals and their recognition of each pattern depends on the sequence and location of fixations; thus shifts of attention appear to be externalized in the form of large, saccadic eye movements. In contrast low scanners are better able to shift attention internally, eg., by mental restructuring, without large eye movements. We further suggest that scanning behavior associated with reversals may be modulated by stimulus complexity, figures' reversibility, and extrinsic/intrinsic motivational styles.

Eye movements when dividing Attention between a Tracking Task and Instrument Displays

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Haga ◽  
Neville Moray
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Control Panel ◽  
Marked Individual ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Observing Response

In many tasks such as train driving, the operator must divide his attention between viewing a dynamic environment and viewing instruments on a control panel. Such a situation was simulated and eye movements were recorded in two conditions, (I) when all displays were continuously visible, and (II) when instruments could only be viewed on demand by means of an observing response. Eye movement patterns were far more constrained in the second condition, and there were marked individual differences. In Condition I, attention was more homogeneously distributed. The results are thought to be relevant to the design of CRT-based displays.

E-Z Reader 7 provides a platform for explaining how low- and high-level linguistic processes influence eye movements

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Raney
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
High Level

E-Z Reader 7 is a processing model of eye-movement control. One constraint imposed on the model is that high-level cognitive processes do not influence eye movements unless normal reading processes are disturbed. I suggest that this constraint is unnecessary, and that the model provides a sensible architecture for explaining how both low- and high-level processes influence eye movements.

scholarly journals The Effects of Shot Changes on Eye Movements in Subtitling

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Krejtz ◽  
Agnieszka Szarkowska ◽  
Krzysztof Krejtz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Transition Matrix ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Reading Support

In this paper we address the question whether shot changes trigger the re-reading of subtitles. Although it has been accepted in the professional literature on subtitling that subtitles should not be displayed over shot changes as they induce subtitle re-reading, support for this claim in eye movement studies is difficult to find. In this study we examined eye movement patterns of 71 participants watching news and documentary clips. We analysed subject hit count, number of fixations, first fixation duration, fixation time percent and transition matrix before, during and after shot changes in subtitles displayed over a shot change. Results of our study show that most viewers do not re-read subtitlescrossing shot changes.

scholarly journals The Science of Reading: The Eyes Cannot Lie

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Yueh-Nu Hung
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reading Instruction ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Dynamic Sampling ◽  
Research Show

The eyes cannot lie. Eye movements are biological data that reveal information about the reader’s attention and cognitive processes. This article summarizes the century-old eye movement research to elucidate reading comprehension performances and more importantly, their implications for reading instruction. This review paper addresses three research questions: (1) What do we know about eye movements? (2) What do we know about reading based on eye movements? (3) What reading instruction suggestions can be made based on eye movement research? Eye movement research show that reading is a selective, dynamic, sampling, integrating, and more than a perceiving process. Implications for reading instruction include: teach beyond phonics, teach beyond text, every element counts, make text natural, and evaluate the result and the process. This study contributes to the timely conversations about the science of reading and reading instruction and presents directions by which more effective reading instruction and policies can be established to address the needs of children and teachers.

scholarly journals Influence of Task Characteristics on Eye-Movement Patterns Related to Numerical and Textual Information in Arithmetic Word Problems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Daroczy ◽  
Christina Artemenko ◽  
Detmar Meurers ◽  
Magdalena Wolska ◽  
Hans-Christoph Nuerk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Problem ◽  
Word Problems ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Arithmetic Task ◽  
Word Problem Solving

Both linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics contribute to the difficulty of a word problem. However, the role of these characteristics and the exact cognitive processes underlying arithmetic word problems are often not clear, but they might be detectable by analysing eye-movement patterns. Not much is known about how eye-movements change under different linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics in regard to the whole problem as well as to specific parts of it (numerical and textual elements). This study examined the effects of linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics on the word problem-solving ability of children aged 10-13 years while their eye-movements were monitored. We manipulated the task characteristics independently of each other, using the mathematical factor operation (addition/subtraction) and the linguistic factors consistency (consistent/inconsistent) and nominalization (verbalized/nominalized). The results showed that eye-movements generally increase with increasing linguistic (i.e., nominalization) or arithmetic (i.e., operation) difficulty. However, specific parts of the text were differentially affected based on task characteristics: In general, increasing arithmetic difficulty shifts eye-movements towards numerical elements and increasing linguistic difficulty shifts eye-movements towards textual elements. However, the increase of difficulty in the arithmetic domain can also affect processing in the linguistic domain. For instance, as textual parts of the word problem were more frequently attended to when arithmetic difficulty increased but not vice versa. This indicates that in the process of word problem-solving, text comprehension and calculation are not sequential independent processes, but partially rely on the same processing components, such as working memory resources.

Eye Movement Performance on the Stroop Test in Adults With ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1160-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Vakil ◽  
Meital Mass ◽  
Rachel Schiff
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Movement Performance

Objective: To compare the eye movement patterns of adults with ADHD with those of controls as they perform the Stroop test. Method: Thirty individuals with ADHD (ages 18-31), and 30 controls participated in this study. The hypothesis was that under the incongruent condition, the group with ADHD would focus longer on the distracter than the controls. Results: Participants with ADHD showed a more pronounced Stroop effect than the controls. Eye movements indicated that more time was spent fixating on the target than on the distracter. The most significant differences between the groups were the overall time spent on the target and the number of fixations on the target, rather than on the distracter. Furthermore, the group with ADHD made more transitions between the target and distracter stimuli. Conclusion: These results were interpreted to indicate an inefficient strategy used by the group with ADHD in their attempt to ignore the distracter stimuli.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document