scholarly journals Openings and Closings in Workplace Emails

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Kristin Rygg
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Motivational Factor ◽  
Email Communication ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Egalitarian Society ◽  
Individual Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Formal Business

Languages vary when it comes to linguistic manifestations of formal politeness, but what particularly marks professional email communication is the flexibility of the genre compared to traditional, formal business letters. This poses the question of how individual email writers navigate without clear standards and clearly prescribed formulae. This study focuses on the individual email writer and, specifically, opening salutations and closing valedictions in 927Norwegian workplace emails, followed by metapragmatic interviews with their senders. In an egalitarian society with few explicit linguistic manifestations of formal politeness, individual choices of formulations provide a rich source of data. Linguistic content analysis reveals a significant degree of consistency in each person’s individual use, which indicates that when there are no commonly held norms, people make their own rules. The interviewees are aware ofwhich openings and closings they prefer, but often not why. Further analysis of the data reveals that hierarchical social distance is not a motivational factor, but the intentions to be either personally close or professionally distant are. Both are regarded as viable options in formal workplace emails by their users. However, the informants’ perception of which linguistic items represent these motivations depends on individual preferences rather than on any establishedor institutionalised practises. The latter is not a uniquely Norwegian problem, but concerns email correspondents in general because of the flexibility innate to the email genre.

The intertextual nature of embedded email communication for contract negotiation activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Townley
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Business Professionals ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Email Communication ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Contract Negotiation ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disciplinary Cultures

Abstract Emails have become the institutionalised communication medium for many discourse activities in work contexts. Sociolinguistic research in this area has mainly focused on the textual and communicative conventions of emails, as defined by disciplinary cultures and practices. This study is the first to analyse the intertextual nature of email communication for commercial contract negotiation purposes, with a particular focus on the communicative function of embedded emails. This concept relates to a genre of email discourse, which embeds the meaning of a series of messages generated by different participants in response to the original email, hence the name ‘embedded emails’. This study uses discourse and genre analysis to examine how a geographically dispersed team of legal and business professionals in Europe exploited the dialogic nature of embedded emails to negotiate amendments to contracts pertaining to an international Merger & Acquisition (M&A) transaction in English. The findings of this study show that embedded emails facilitate transparent collaboration between the individual professionals, by enabling them to monitor the exchange of proposals and counter-proposals during the negotiation process. This documented ability to trace and participate in contract negotiation activities through intertextual chains of embedded email communication is a key feature of professional communicative competence.

scholarly journals Age-Graded Transitions and Turning Points in Polish Offenders’ Criminal Careers from the Standpoint of Life Course Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6010
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pękala ◽  
Andrzej Kacprzak ◽  
Piotr Chomczyński ◽  
Jakub Ratajczak ◽  
Michał Marczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Life Course Theory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
First Time

Both juvenile and adult criminal careers show regularities in the origins of delinquency, the dynamics of the criminal pathway, and the turning points that lead to desistance/persistence in crime. Research shows that family, education, and friendship environments contribute significantly to the individual choices that create criminal biographies. Our aim was to apply core aspects of life course theory (LCT): trajectory, the aged-graded process, transitions, institutions, and ultimately how desistance/persistence factor into explaining the criminal careers of Polish offenders. The research is based on in-depth interviews (130) carried out with both offenders (90) and experts (40). The offenders were divided into two groups: 30 were juveniles, and 60 were adults of whom half were sentenced for the first time (30) and half were recidivists (30) located in correctional institutions or released. The experts group (40) includes psychologists, educators, social rehabilitators, and prison and juvenile detention personnel working with offenders. We used triangulation of researcher, data, and methodology. Our data revealed that similar biographical experiences characterized by an early socialization, family and friends-based circles laid the groundwork for their entry and continued participation in criminal activity. Juvenile and adult first-time sentenced offenders led criminal careers significantly different from those of recidivists, who faced problems with social adaptation caused by lack of family and institutional support.

RevisitingCriticalLegal Pluralism: Normative Contestations in the Afghan Courtroom

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafay CHOUDHURY
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Fully Discrete ◽  
Active Defence ◽  
Defence Lawyer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Site ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis paper revisits the concept ofcriticallegal pluralism, which treats the individual as a site of normativity with the capacity to create legal knowledge. To help operationalize the usage of critical legal pluralism, I propose a methodological approach that places the individual’s ability to makes choices along a continuum. On one side of continuum, legal pluralism can be viewed as facilitating fully discrete choices that ascribe to one legal order or another. On the other side, the ability to make individual choices is curtailed because of the presence of a hegemonic legal order. This simple continuum helps to shed light on the complex considerations that affect individual choices, which in turn affect how various legal orders are legitimated. The paper then considers how critical legal pluralism can enrich the discussion on the legal system of Afghanistan, focusing on interviews with two Afghan justice actors: a former judge and an active defence lawyer.

scholarly journals Ethno-Religious Identification and Social Distance Between Muslims and Christians: Analysis on Social Identity Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Cahyo Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Individual

This article aims to investigate the relationship between ethno-religious identity and the social distancebetween Muslims and Christians in Ambon and Yogyakarta, taking into account factors at the individual level.Also, this research is addressed to fll a gap in the literature between studies that emphasize economic andpolitical competition as the main sources of con?ict, and studies that focus on prejudice and discriminationas causes of con?ict. The central question is: to what extent is ethno-religious identifcation present amongMuslims and Christians in Ambon and Yogyakarta and observable in their daily lives? This research usessocial identity theory that attempts to question why people like their in-group, and dislike out-groups. Thetheory says that individuals struggle for positive in-group distinctiveness, and have positive attitudes towardtheir in-group and negative attitudes towards out-groups. This research uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A survey was conducted with 1500 university students from six universities in Ambon andYogyakarta. By using quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis, this study came up with several fndings. Firstly, the study found high levels of religious identifcation among Muslim and Christian respondents,demonstrated by their participation in religious practices, which we defne as frequency of praying, attendingreligious services, and reading the Holy Scriptures. Secondly, social distance consists of contact avoidance,avoidance of future spouses from another religion, and the support for residential segregation. Di?erencesfrom the mean show that Muslim respondents tend to display higher contact avoidance and support forresidential segregation compared to Christian respondents. Thirdly, analysis of variance demonstrates thatelements of ethno-religious identity are related signifcantly to elements of social distance.

scholarly journals Desempenho agronômico de mandioca de mesa manejada com irrigação e uso de cobertura plástica do solo

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Jorge Cesar dos Anjos Antonini ◽  
Eduardo Alano Vieira ◽  
Josefino de Freitas Fialho ◽  
Fernando Antônio Macena ◽  
Krishna Naudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Individual Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sweet Cassava

Although cassava is recognized for its high tolerance to drought, irrigation is showing satisfactory results. However, few studies have been carried out to determine the effects of soil cover, irrigation and the combination of both on crop development. Theobjective of this study was to determine the influence of irrigation and plastic soil cover on the agronomic performance of sweet cassava. The planting was done in beds, in thedouble row system with the stem cutingsimplanted vertically, with 0.60m between rows and 0.80 m between plants. The following treatments were applied: naked non-irrigated bedding, bedding covered with non-irrigated black polyethylene plastic, naked bedding with irrigation and bedding covered with irrigated black polyethylene plastic. Irrigation wasperformedby conventional sprinkling, based on the daily soil water balance at the effective depth of the cassava root system in the different stages of crop development. The characters evaluated were: shoot weight, root yield, starch percentage in the roots and time for cooking. The expression of the characters shoot weight, root yield and starch percentage in the roots wassignificantly influenced by irrigation managementandsoil cover. The individual use of irrigation and plastic soilcover technologies led to increases in root yieldof 55% and 13%, respectively, and when used together, root yieldincreased by 89%.

scholarly journals Rapid Production of a Novel Al(III) Dependent Bioflocculant Isolated From Raoultella ornithinolytica 160-1 and Its Application Combined With Inorganic Salts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Ding ◽  
Laipeng Luo ◽  
Ruixiang Han ◽  
Meiling Zhang ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
Ph Tolerance ◽  
Flocculation Activity ◽  
Great Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Individual Use ◽  
The Individual

An efficient bioflocculant-producing strain, Raoultella ornithinolytica 160-1, was identified by 16S rRNA and mass spectrometry analyses. Rapid production of bioflocculant EPS-160 was obtained with 10.01 g/(L⋅d) after optimized by response surface methodology. With the aid of Al(III), more than 90% flocculation activity of EPS-160 at 8 mg/L dosage was achieved in 5 min. Thus, this novel Al(III) dependent bioflocculant was used in combined with chemical coagulants AlCl3 to remove kaolin suspensions and wastewater treatment. The results indicated that the addition of EPS-160 in aggregation system not only largely improved the flocculation ability than the individual use of chemical flocculant (over 30 percent), but also overcome the decrease of flocculation activity due to the overdose of AlCl3 and maintained the optimum dosage of AlCl3 in a wide range (11–23 mg/L). The zeta potentials and EPS-160 structure indicated that both charge neutralization and bridging were the flocculation mechanism with kaolin. During the wastewater treatment, this composite flocculants consisted of EPS-160 and AlCl3 also had great performance for turbidity elimination. Moreover, with the properties of high flocculation activity, hyperthermal stability, pH tolerance and non-toxicity, EPS-160 shows great potential applications.

MACRO- AND MICROPRUDENTIAL POLICIES: SWEET AND LOWDOWN IN A CREDIT NETWORK AGENT-BASED MODEL

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ermanno Catullo ◽  
Federico Giri ◽  
Mauro Gallegati
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Macroprudential Policies ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Credit Network

The paper presents an agent-based model reproducing a stylized credit network that evolves endogenously through the individual choices of firms and banks. We introduce in this framework a financial stability authority in order to test the effects of different prudential policy measures designed to improve the resilience of the economic system. Simulations show that a combination of micro- and macroprudential policies reduces systemic risk but at the cost of increasing banks’ capital volatility. Moreover, the agent-based methodology allows us to implement an alternative meso regulatory framework that takes into consideration the connections between firms and banks. This policy targets only the more connected banks, increasing their capital requirement in order to reduce the diffusion of local shocks. Our results support the idea that the mesoprudential policy is able to reduce systemic risk without affecting the stability of banks’ capital structure.

scholarly journals Consistency between individuals' past and current romantic partners' own reports of their personalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (26) ◽  
pp. 12793-12797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoobin Park ◽  
Geoff MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Partner Similarity ◽  
The Individual

Do people have a “type” when it comes to their romantic partners’ personalities? In the present research, we used data from a 9-y longitudinal study in Germany and examined the similarity between an individual’s ex- and current partners using the partners’ self-reported personality profiles. Based on the social accuracy model, our analyses distinguished similarity between partners that was attributable to similarity to an average person (normative similarity) and resemblance to the target participant himself/herself (self-partner similarity) to more precisely examine similarity from partner to partner (distinctive similarity). The results revealed a significant degree of distinctive partner similarity, suggesting that there may indeed be a unique type of person each individual ends up with. We also found that distinctive partner similarity was weaker for people high in extraversion or openness to experience, suggesting that these individuals may be less likely to be in a relationship with someone similar to their ex-partner (although the individual difference effects were not mirrored in an alternative analytic approach). These findings provide evidence for stability in distinctive partner personality and have important implications for predicting future partnering behaviors and actions in romantic relationships.

scholarly journals Computing the Mean-Variance-Sustainability Nondominated Surface by ev-MOGA

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garcia-Bernabeu ◽  
J. V. Salcedo ◽  
A. Hilario ◽  
D. Pla-Santamaria ◽  
Juan M. Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Portfolio Selection ◽  
Pareto Front ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Responsible Investment ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
Mean Variance ◽  
Range Of Values

Despite the widespread use of the classical bicriteria Markowitz mean-variance framework, a broad consensus is emerging on the need to include more criteria for complex portfolio selection problems. Sustainable investing, also called socially responsible investment, is becoming a mainstream investment practice. In recent years, some scholars have attempted to include sustainability as a third criterion to better reflect the individual preferences of those ethical or green investors who are willing to combine strong financial performance with social benefits. For this purpose, new computational methods for optimizing this complex multiobjective problem are needed. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) have been recently used for portfolio selection, thus extending the mean-variance methodology to obtain a mean-variance-sustainability nondominated surface. In this paper, we apply a recent multiobjective genetic algorithm based on the concept of ε-dominance called ev-MOGA. This algorithm tries to ensure convergence towards the Pareto set in a smart distributed manner with limited memory resources. It also adjusts the limits of the Pareto front dynamically and prevents solutions belonging to the ends of the front from being lost. Moreover, the individual preferences of socially responsible investors could be visualised using a novel tool, known as level diagrams, which helps investors better understand the range of values attainable and the tradeoff between return, risk, and sustainability.

scholarly journals Word of Mouth, Viral Marketing and Open Data: A Large-Scale Simulation for Predicting Opinion Diffusion on Ethical Food Consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostino G. Bruzzone ◽  
Matteo Agresta ◽  
Jen Hsien Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Viral Marketing ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Results ◽  
Individual Opinion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices

AbstractThis paper presents the first results of a large-scale-Agent-Based Simulation devoted to simulate individual behaviour inside a medium sized city (600,000 inhabitants). Humans are simulated as Intelligent Individual entities characterized by several attributes created from the Open Data available by means of a multi-layer approach. The work presented is divided into two main parts: the first part aims to describe the multi-layer approach adopted with the inclusion of the social network layer devoted to capture how social networks can be correlated with human activities and how an “Individual Opinion” can changes based on social interactions. The second part is devoted to present a preliminary case study for simulating the propagation dynamics of the individual opinion in the form of an ethical value function. The basic idea is to capture the changes in the individual opinion based on the social interactions predicted by the simulation. Finally, a food choice model for predicting individual choices based on the individual opinion function is presented; the model is based on three parameters: accessibility of ethical shops, price difference with standard products, and ethical value propagation.

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