scholarly journals God & Government

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-97
Author(s):  
Denis McKim
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Upper Canada ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
British North American ◽  
The Church

This article focuses on a debate that raged in Upper Canada during the early and mid-nineteenth century over the degree to which civil authorities should assume responsibility for promoting societal virtue. Supporters of state-aided Christianity, many of whom were Tories, clashed with critics of close church-state ties, many of whom were Reformers. The catalyst for this conflict was the Clergy Reserves endowment. Drawing on works that situate British North American affairs in an expansive interpretive framework, this article maintains that the Upper Canadian debate over state-aided Christianity was subsumed within a larger conflict regarding the church-state relationship that originated in early modern England and played itself out across the North Atlantic World.

Merchant Organization and Maritime Trade in the North Atlantic, 1660-1815

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The North ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The North Atlantic

This journal presents the challenges faced by maritime merchants operating in the North Atlantic in the early modern period, and examines the opportunities, aspirations, and methods utilised in the pursuit of profitable trade. The journal collects nine essays and a reflective conclusion, which cumulatively explore the major themes of trade within empires; growth of trade; new initiatives within trade empires; government initiatives in relation to maritime mercantile trade; merchant migration; and changes in international trade. The journal attempts to provide scholarly insight and perspectives into early modern economic life, through the maritime mercantile activities of various European and North American nations.

The Market for Seamen in the Age of Sail

1994 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Free Access ◽  
The North ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The North Atlantic

This volume collects eight essays that all attempt to answer two key concerns: did markets for seafarers exist in the age of sail; and, if so, were these markets efficient? The question was initially approach by Charles Kindleberger, who claims a market is efficient if it permits free access for employer and employee, is supply and demand match balance so that wages increase, and that labour must command the same price across the market. The first four focus on the broadly defined early-modern period, and all agree on the existence of the markets but are divided over whether or not they are efficient. The second section asks the same questions of the nineteenth century, and receives similar answers. All of the essays take issue with the definition and application of the term ‘efficiency’ when approaching their conclusions. Each author is considered an expert within their field, and all base their research on the North Atlantic.

Beyond the Cold War Chessboard

Worldview ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
John W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Cold War

The problem in judging M. Servan-Schreiber's message is that he reaches some sound conclusions on the basis of dubious premises, from which he derives recommendations which could be disastrous.There may be some satisfaction in seeing a Frenchman concerned with le défi, russe instead of le défi américain, but his interpretation of one is as crude as was his interpretation of the other. The shock of revelation that there are common interests of the Atlantic countries in economic as well as strategic matters is understandably more startling to a Frenchman than to others. It was all set out in 1949 in Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty and was restated eloquently in 1973 by Mr. Kissinger. But last spring European leaders were included to see the latter as a self-interested plea from a weak United States to a prosperous Europe. The North American countries were reminded that their role in Europe was simply to defend it on request.

The Vinland Adventure: A North Atlantic Perspective

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Mc Govern
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Adaptive Shifts ◽  
Early Phases

During the Viking period, Norse seafarers from Greenland attempted to plant a settlement on the North American continent. This Vinland settlement faltered in its early phases and was not successful. Its failure may be best understood from the broader perspective of the Scandinavian expansion across the North Atlantic islands which began ca. AD 800. Adaptive shifts in the older North Atlantic colonies, geographical factors, and the resistance of Native Americans may have combined to doom this Western-most medieval colony.

Timing and duration of North American glacial lake discharges and the Younger Dryas climate reversal

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Rayburn ◽  
Thomas M. Cronin ◽  
David A. Franzi ◽  
Peter L.K. Knuepfer ◽  
Debra A. Willard
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Cold Event ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Proglacial Lake

AbstractRadiocarbon-dated sediment cores from the Champlain Valley (northeastern USA) contain stratigraphic and micropaleontologic evidence for multiple, high-magnitude, freshwater discharges from North American proglacial lakes to the North Atlantic. Of particular interest are two large, closely spaced outflows that entered the North Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence estuary about 13,200–12,900 cal yr BP, near the beginning of the Younger Dryas cold event. We estimate from varve chronology, sedimentation rates and proglacial lake volumes that the duration of the first outflow was less than 1 yr and its discharge was approximately 0.1 Sv (1 Sverdrup = 106 m3 s−1). The second outflow lasted about a century with a sustained discharge sufficient to keep the Champlain Sea relatively fresh for its duration. According to climate models, both outflows may have had sufficient discharge, duration and timing to affect meridional ocean circulation and climate. In this report we compare the proglacial lake discharge record in the Champlain and St. Lawrence valleys to paleoclimate records from Greenland Ice cores and Cariaco Basin and discuss the two-step nature of the inception of the Younger Dryas.

A Unified Nonlinear Multiscale Interaction Model of Pacific–North American Teleconnection Patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1387-1414
Author(s):  
Dehai Luo ◽  
Yao Ge ◽  
Wenqi Zhang ◽  
Aiguo Dai
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Energy Dispersion ◽  
Pacific North American ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multiscale Interaction

Abstract In this paper, reanalysis data are first analyzed to reveal that the individual negative (positive)-phase Pacific–North American pattern (PNA) or PNA− (PNA+) has a lifetime of 10–20 days, is characterized by strong (weak) westerly jet stream meanders, and exhibits clear wave train structures, whereas the PNA− with rapid retrogression tends to have longer lifetime and larger amplitude than the PNA+ with slow retrogression. In contrast, the wave train structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is less distinct, and the positive (negative)-phase NAO shows eastward (westward) movement around a higher latitude than the PNA. Moreover, it is found that the PNA wave train occurs under a larger background meridional potential vorticity gradient (PVy) over the North Pacific than that over the North Atlantic for the NAO. A unified nonlinear multiscale interaction (UNMI) model is then developed to explain why the PNA as a nonlinear wave packet has such characteristics and its large difference from the NAO. The model results reveal that the larger background PVy for the PNA (due to its location at lower latitudes) leads to its larger energy dispersion and weaker nonlinearity than the NAO, thus explaining why the PNA (NAO) is largely a linear (nonlinear) process with a strong (weak) wave train structure, though it is regarded as a nonlinear initial-value problem. The smaller PVy for the PNA− than for the PNA+ leads to lower energy dispersion and stronger nonlinearity for PNA−, which allows it to maintain larger amplitude and have a longer lifetime than the PNA+. Thus, the difference in the background PVy is responsible for the asymmetry between the two phases of PNA and the difference between the PNA and NAO.

scholarly journals The Role of Synoptic Waves in the Formation and Maintenance of the Western Hemisphere Circulation Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (24) ◽  
pp. 10259-10274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tan ◽  
Ming Bao ◽  
Dennis L. Hartmann ◽  
Paulo Ceppi
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Pacific Climate Variability

Previous studies have demonstrated that the NAO, the leading mode of atmospheric low-frequency variability over the North Atlantic, could be linked to northeast Pacific climate variability via the downstream propagation of synoptic waves. In those studies, the NAO and the northeast Pacific climate variability are considered as two separate modes that explain the variance over the North Atlantic sector and the east Pacific–North American sector, respectively. A newly identified low-frequency atmospheric regime—the Western Hemisphere (WH) circulation pattern—provides a unique example of a mode of variability that accounts for variance over the whole North Atlantic–North American–North Pacific sector. The role of synoptic waves in the formation and maintenance of the WH pattern is investigated using the ECMWF reanalysis datasets. Persistent WH events are characterized by the propagation of quasi-stationary Rossby waves across the North Pacific–North American–North Atlantic regions and by associated storm-track anomalies. The eddy-induced low-frequency height anomalies maintain the anomalous low-frequency ridge over the Gulf of Alaska, which induces more equatorward propagation of synoptic waves on its downstream side. The eddy forcing favors the strengthening of the midlatitude jet and the deepening of the mid-to-high-latitude trough over the North Atlantic, whereas the deepening of the trough over eastern North America mostly arises from the quasi-stationary waves propagating from the North Pacific. A case study for the 2013/14 winter is examined to illustrate the downstream development of synoptic waves. The roles of synoptic waves in the formation and maintenance of the WH pattern and in linking the northeast Pacific ridge anomaly with the NAO are discussed.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Responses to North Atlantic SST Anomalies in Idealized Experiments. Part II: North American Precipitation

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Hu ◽  
Michael C. Veres
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North American ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The North ◽  
Precipitation Anomalies ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract This is the second part of a two-part paper that addresses deterministic roles of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in variations of atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere, using a sequence of idealized model runs at the spring equinox conditions. This part focuses on the effect of the SST anomalies on North American precipitation. Major results show that, in the model setting closest to the real-world situation, a warm SST anomaly in the North Atlantic Ocean causes suppressed precipitation in central, western, and northern North America but more precipitation in the southeast. A nearly reversed pattern of precipitation anomalies develops in response to the cold SST anomaly. Further examinations of these solutions reveal that the response to the cold SST anomaly is less stable than that to the warm SST anomaly. The former is “dynamically charged” in the sense that positive eddy kinetic energy (EKE) exists over the continent. The lack of precipitation in its southeast is because of an insufficient moisture supply. In addition, the results show that the EKE of the short- (2–6 day) and medium-range (7–10 day) weather-producing processes in North America have nearly opposite signs in response to the same cold SST anomaly. These competing effects of eddies in the dynamically charged environment (elevated sensitivity to moisture) complicate the circulation and precipitation responses to the cold SST anomaly in the North Atlantic and may explain why the model results show more varying precipitation anomalies (also confirmed by statistical test results) during the cold than the warm SST anomaly, as also shown in simulations with more realistic models. Results of this study indicate a need to include the AMO in the right context with other forcings in an effort to improve understanding of interannual-to-multidecadal variations in warm season precipitation in North America.

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