scholarly journals An extraordinary view of the universe: The use of X-ray vision in space exploration

2016 ◽  
Vol 0 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Siemiginowska
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Verholantsev

Drawing is a peculiar phenomenon of human civilization. This inexhaustible engine of progress usually seems to us as a kind of study, as a preparation for a painting or a sculptural work. This essay proposes to look at drawing as a graphic reflection of fantasy, project and intention, a reflection of firm knowledge or doubt and skepticism, and, finally, offers to look at drawing as a method of studying life. The article provides a brief overview of the stylistic metamorphoses of European drawing, which occurred naturally or by chance. A person who always draws consciously composes, and his composition involuntarily reflects the scheme of the universe, drawn up in the artist's head based on his or her life experience. Every person has this experience, this worldview, this self-professed philosophy, but only a draftsman can show it. Collecting drawings is the most difficult and most impressive of all types of collecting. A drawing-lover discovers the whole world, the most accurate description of the given period of civilization. Since prehistoric times, civilization has been indebted to drawing. The rock drawing of primitive people reflects their vital desires and beliefs. Afterward, the wheel was designed; the steam engine, electricity, aeronautics were invented, space exploration began... and drawing and drafting accompanied all this. Teaching drawing in schools and universities is teaching the methodology of studying nature. From an early age, a person is taught to draw from life, and this is a visual study of an object. The teacher’s task is to show not only to sketch the visible outlines of an object but also to penetrate its structure, in other words, to prepare to fantasize and invent. Meanwhile, in schools and universities, it has become a custom to draw imitating photography as much as possible. Photography is the most democratic way of depicting; however, it is only a one-time, random image of an event. Drawing, on the other hand, accumulates several things. A metaphor, conclusion, knowledge, or ignorance, the struggle against victories and defeats, doubts, and confidence appear involuntarily in a drawing. Drawing is action, movement of thought, and religious beliefs, whereas photography is stagnant. However, it is precisely this stagnation, rigidity that is cultivated by fashionable modern artists. Moreover, adherents of photorealism develop the ridiculous coincidences so often found in photographs. Sculptors, architects, and jewelers make the most exciting drawings. Sculptors seem to see through an object, like an X-ray. They want to show volume on a plane. Architects imagine the organization of space and the interaction of volumes. All these aspirations, all these fantasies make drawing uniquely expressive and intelligent.


Author(s):  
Alon Banet ◽  
Rennan Barkana ◽  
Anastasia Fialkov ◽  
Or Guttman

Abstract The epoch in which the first stars and galaxies formed is among the most exciting unexplored eras of the Universe. A major research effort is focused on probing this era with the 21-cm spectral line of hydrogen. While most research focuses on statistics like the 21-cm power spectrum or the sky-averaged global signal, there are other ways to analyze tomographic 21-cm maps, which may lead to novel insights. We suggest statistics based on quantiles as a method to probe non-Gaussianities of the 21-cm signal. We show that they can be used in particular to probe the variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the temperature distribution, but are more flexible and robust than these standard statistics. We test these statistics on a range of possible astrophysical models, including different galactic halo masses, star-formation efficiencies, and spectra of the X-ray heating sources, plus an exotic model with an excess early radio background. Simulating data with angular resolution and thermal noise as expected for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), we conclude that these statistics can be measured out to redshifts above 20 and offer a promising statistical method for probing early cosmic history.


Author(s):  
F. Nicastro ◽  
J. Kaastra ◽  
C. Argiroffi ◽  
E. Behar ◽  
S. Bianchi ◽  
...  

AbstractMetals form an essential part of the Universe at all scales. Without metals we would not exist, and the Universe would look completely different. Metals are primarily produced via nuclear processes in stars, and spread out through winds or explosions, which pollute the surrounding space. The wanderings of metals in-and-out of astronomical objects are crucial in determining their own evolution and thus that of the Universe as a whole. Detecting metals and assessing their relative and absolute abundances and energetics can thus be used to trace the evolution of these cosmic components. The scope of this paper is to highlight the most important open astrophysical problems that will be central in the next decades and for which a deep understanding of the Universe’s wandering metals, their physical and kinematical states, and their chemical composition represents the only viable solution. The majority of these studies can only be efficiently performed through High Resolution Spectroscopy in the soft X-ray band.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (S342) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
M. Guainazzi ◽  
M. S. Tashiro

AbstractX-ray spectroscopy is key to address the theme of “The Hot Universe”, the still poorly understood astrophysical processes driving the cosmological evolution of the baryonic hot gas traceable through its electromagnetic radiation. Two future X-ray observatories: the JAXA-led XRISM (due to launch in the early 2020s), and the ESA Cosmic Vision L-class mission Athena (early 2030s) will provide breakthroughs in our understanding of how and when large-scale hot gas structures formed in the Universe, and in tracking their evolution from the formation epoch to the present day.


Nature ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 409 (6816) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Borgani ◽  
Luigi Guzzo

BIBECHANA ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Devendra Adhikari ◽  
Krishna Raj Adhikari

Different physical phenomena, techniques, and evidences which give the proof for the existence of dark matter have been discussed. Keywords: Baryonic matter; dark matter; Chandra x-ray ObservatoryDOI: 10.3126/bibechana.v6i0.3936BIBECHANA Vol. 6, March 2010 pp.27-30


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 634-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Merloni ◽  
Kirpal Nandra ◽  
Peter Predehl
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (S342) ◽  
pp. 257-259
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Millas ◽  
Oliver Porth ◽  
Rony Keppens

AbstractSupernovae and astrophysical jets are two of the most energetic and intriguing objects in the universe. We examine an interesting scenario that involves the interaction of these two extreme phenomena, motivated by observations of the W50-SS433 system: a jet launched from the microquasar SS433 (an X-ray binary) located inside a supernova remnant, W50. These observations revealed a unique morphology of the remnant, attributed to the presence of the jet. We performed full 3D relativistic hydrodynamic simulations to better capture the interaction between the remnant and the jet and post-processed the data with a radiative transfer code to create emission maps.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (S346) ◽  
pp. 332-336
Author(s):  
M. Celeste Artale ◽  
Nicola Giacobbo ◽  
Michela Mapelli ◽  
Paolo Esposito

AbstractThe high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) provide an exciting framework to investigate the evolution of massive stars and the processes behind binary evolution. HMXBs have shown to be good tracers of recent star formation in galaxies and might be important feedback sources at early stages of the Universe. Furthermore, HMXBs are likely the progenitors of gravitational wave sources (BH–BH or BH–NS binaries that may merge producing gravitational waves). In this work, we investigate the nature and properties of HMXB population in star-forming galaxies. We combine the results from the population synthesis model MOBSE (Giacobbo & Mapelli 2018a) together with galaxy catalogs from EAGLE simulation (Schaye et al. 2015). Therefore, this method describes the HMXBs within their host galaxies in a self-consistent way. We compute the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of HMXBs in star-forming galaxies, showing that this methodology matches the main features of the observed XLF.


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