scholarly journals Efficiency Evaluation of Hospitals Sterilization by Biological and Chemical Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davood Ahmadi ◽  
Abdolmajid Fadaei
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Biological Index ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Color Circle ◽  
Location Type ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Indicator ◽  
Light Medium

Autoclaving is one of the methods which sterilizes medical solidwaste. This study was carried out to evaluate efficiency of autoclaves in two Shahrekord hospitals(Kashani and Hajar) in Iran by biological and chemical indicators. In this study, the performance of autoclave was studied based on biological and chemical through setting 96 tests. Variables were loading type in four groups (light, medium, semi- heavy, and heavy), location, type of hospital , and temperature-135°C, time10min features in fixed pressure equal to 4.2 bar. Biological and chemical indicators were ATCC 7953 which contained Stearotermophilus Geobacillus spores ,and chemical indicator Class 6 with three color circle as weekly, respectively.The best autoclave operational condition based on biological indicator in both hospitals were light loading rate in Kashani and Hajar 66%(8), and 75%(9) desirable results, respectively. Each four loading rate level based on biological and chemical indicators the Hajar hospital with 68% desirable results were more efficiency than Kashani hospital with57% desirable results. According to results of this study (biological index) sterilization failure in kashani and Hajar hospitals were 65%, and 50%, respectively.There is an increased need for suitable regulation and control of autoclave devices and for monitoring and suitable handling of these devices in developing countries.

Evaluation of a Rapid Readout Biological Indicator for Flash Sterilization with Three Biological Indicators and Three Chemical Indicators

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 390-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Rutala ◽  
Maria F. Gergen ◽  
David J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Fluorescent Product ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Chemical Indicator

AbstractObjective:Flash sterilization is most commonly used for emergency sterilization of unwrapped items in a gravity displacement sterilizer for three minutes. Sterilization quality assurance is monitored by biological indicators that require a 24-hour incubation prior to reading. In this study, we compared a new biological indicator that provides results within 60 minutes with three conventional, 24-hour biological indicators for monitoring flash sterilization and three chemical indicators.Design:Conventional biological indicators tested included the conventional Attest 1261, Proof Flash and Assert, while the rapid readout indicator tested was Attest 1291. Attest Rapid Readout detects the presence of aBacillus stearothermophilusenzyme by reading a fluorescent product that is produced by the enzymatic break-down of a nonfluorescent substrate. Chemical indicators tested included Comply, Incheque, and Thermalog S. Survival at 132°C in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change after incubation for 24 hours at 56°C for the three conventional biological indicators, fluorescence at 60 minutes for the Attest Rapid Readout biological indicator, and color change for the chemical indicators. Each exposure time was replicated four times with 10 of each biological and chemical indicator per run.Results:The conventional biological indicators (Attest, Proof Flash, and Assert) had 90%, 48%, and 40% spore survival at two minutes exposure; 23%, 3%, and 0% at three minutes exposure; and 3%, 0%, and 0% at four minutes exposure respectively. The Attest Rapid Readout biological indicator had 88%, 33%, and 0% enzyme activity detectable at 2, 3, and 4 minutes exposure. The chemical indicators Comply, Incheque, and Thermalog S revealed sterilization failure rates of 100%, 100%, and 100% at 0 minutes exposure; 100%, 100%, and 45% at one minute; 0%, 0%, and 28% at two minutes exposure; 0%, 0%, and 18% at three minutes exposure; and 0%, 0%, and 0% at four minutes exposure, respectively.Conclusion:The sensitivity of the Attest Rapid Readout parallels the conventional biological indicators. These data suggest that a 60-minute rapid readout biological indicator is equivalent to the 24-hour biological indicators. If further studies demonstrate that a four-minute flash sterilization cycle provides a needed safety margin to ensure sterilization, then consideration should be given to requiring a four-minute flash sterilization cycle. Chemical indicators were too sensitive to the processing conditions (eg, steam) and are inadequate to ensure adequate sterilization.

scholarly journals Prevalence, awareness , treatment and control of high blood pressure in the elderly according to the ethnic group. Colombian survey

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Barrera ◽  
Fernando Gómez ◽  
Delia Ortega ◽  
Jairo Corhuelo ◽  
Fabián Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
And Control ◽  
Light Medium

Introduction: High blood pressure (HBP) is the main cardiovascular risk factor, it is more prevalent in the older adult population, and the prevalence can vary between ethnic groups. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of HBP, knowledge, treatment and control in population aged ≥60 years, resident in Colombia, according to their ethnic condition. Methods: Population sample selected by multistage sampling. Ethnicity was defined based on skin color. HBP was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, and/or the participants’ self-report. Controlled HBP at a blood pressure value <140/90, knowledge and treatment were identified by self-report. Results: 23,694 adults aged ≥ 60 years were included, of which 54.5%, 34.5% and 10.9% were respectively identified as having light, medium or dark skin color; 54.5% were women, and 78.1% resided in urban areas. The standardized prevalence of HBP, by age, was 57.7% (95% CI: 55.2 - 60.2); 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55. 5), in men; and 62.9% (60.9- 64.9), in women. The standardized prevalence for light, medium and dark skin in men was 53.2% (95% CI: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7), and 49.4% (95% CI: 41.0-57.8) respectively; and in women was 62.5% (95% CI: 60.5-64 , 5), 61.7% (95% CI: 57.8- 65.6), and 69.9% (95% CI: 63.6-76.2) respectively. 98% of the population received treatment, and 93.9% were aware of HBP diagnosis. 42.5% of men and 55.5% of women with HBP were under control. Only 21.8% performed regular physical activity. Conclusion: Half of the adult population aged over 60 years suffers from HBP; the prevalence is higher in women particularly in dark-skinned women. It is necessary to develop policies to increase physical activity in the elderly.

scholarly journals Ecotoxicological evaluation of chemical indicator substances present as micropollutants in laboratory wastewaters

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Eriochrome Black T ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Ecotoxicological Evaluation ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Chemical Indicator ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

<p>Laboratories produce a large volume of wastewaters containing different chemical indicators, organic species for which there is no complete knowledge about their effects in the aquatic environment.</p> <p>The aim of this work was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of four chemical indicator substances commonly used in titrations (sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and eriochrome black T) by applying two distinct bioassays that evaluated the growth inhibition of the microalga <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> and the acute immobilization of the microcrustacean <em>Daphnia magna</em>.</p> <p>All the indicators showed growth inhibition rates in the chronic test performed with the alga C. vulgaris. Only phenolphthalein and eriochrome black-T showed high immobilization rates on the acute test for D. magna. C. vulgaris showed higher sensitivity to the chemical indicators tested than D. magna. Eriochrome black T was the most toxic for both test organisms and, according to the effective concentration that causes inhibition on 50% of C. vulgaris population, it can be considered as “highly toxic to aquatic organisms”. Phenolphthalein and methyl orange may be classified as “toxic to aquatic organisms” and sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate is the least toxic, only being considered as “harmful”.</p> <p>This work increases the awareness of the hazardous effects of these chemical indicators and reinforces the need of improved solutions to manage and treat laboratory effluents.</p>

scholarly journals Rodent Damage and Control in Peanut Fields in India

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Parshad ◽  
C. S. Malhi ◽  
N. Ahmad ◽  
B. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Rodent Control ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Tatera Indica ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Bandicota Bengalensis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Methods Of Control

Abstract Studies were made on the identification, damage and chemical methods of control of rodent pests in irrigated and nonirrigated fields of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at Ludhiana, India. Peanut fields were infested with Bandicota bengalensis, Tatera indica, Rattus meltada and Mus spp., except that B. bengalensis was absent in nonirrigated fields. These rodents reduced peanut yield by an average 3.86%, a loss of 190.18 rupees/ha ($15.12 US). Severe rodent damage was sporadic with a maximum of 18.97% reduction in peanut yield. Rodents inflicted more damage between 80 to 120 days after planting, i. e. during the pod fill stage of crop growth. A single treatment with poison bait at 80 to 90 days after planting with 2.4% zinc phosphide, 0.005% brodifacoum and 0.005% bromadiolone in cereal baits at the rate of 1 kg/ha resulted in 58.07%, 42.26% and 40.88% rodent control, respectively, in nonirrigated fields. In irrigated fields, 58.70% and 67.02% rodent control was achieved with zinc phosphide and brodifacoum baits respectively. Significantly higher rodent control was obtained with 2 treatments of either brodifacoum or bromadiolone than with a single treatment of any rodenticide. Wax blocks containing 0.005% brodifacoum were less effective than cereal baits containing the same rodenticide. Two applications at 10 day interval of either 0.005% brodifacoum or bromadiolone between 80–100 days after planting is suggested for rodent control in peanut fields.

Steam Sterilization Validation for Implementation of Parametric Release at a Healthcare Facility

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Swenson ◽  
Jonathan A. Wilder ◽  
Charles O. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Product Family ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Quality Assurance Program ◽  
Steam Sterilization ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Sterilization Process ◽  
Family Based ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Hospitals are under continual pressure to improve turnaround times for surgical procedures and to find ways to release sterilized product without the need to wait for biological indicator (BI) results. Current procedures used in healthcare do not allow for release of sterilized products based on parameters because hospitals do not validate their sterilization processes. Once a sterilization process is validated for a particular product family, those loads may be released based upon evaluation of the sterilization parameters achieved in the cycle, i.e., parametric release. Typically, hospitals do not perform validation studies to demonstrate that a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10−6 is being achieved in the sterilized product, relying instead on inactivation of BIs and/or chemical indicators (CIs) in each load. If a healthcare facility can demonstrate achievement of a SAL of 10−6 in a particular product family then it will be possible to release the products in that product family based on achievement of parameters without waiting for BI results. This does not mean that the healthcare facility can eliminate use of all BIs and CIs as part of the criteria for a comprehensive quality assurance program, but dependence on their results and the cost of their use may be greatly reduced. Validation provides another component in a quality assurance program to demonstrate that the highest SAL possible is being provided to patients while still providing the services required by today's healthcare facility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document