EFFECT OF ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILIZATION ON PLASTISIZER MIGRATION AND MECHANICAL AND BLOOD PROPERTIES OF MEDICAL GRADE POLYVINYLE CHOLORIDE

The use of phthalates as a plasticizer in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) always poses the threat of migration of phthalates into the environment through medical equipment. Phthalates can be used with natural-based plasticizers, such as Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) known as phthalate’s scavenger and PVC stabilizers. PVC formulations were characterized by different combinations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 30-40% with 5% ESBO. PVC flexibility increased significantly in the presence of ESBO, without a change in strength (tensile test). The decrease of the Tg temperature by adding ESBO in Differential Scanning Calorimetry indicated that ESBO preserved DEHP in the polymer. Also, it was shown that the sterilization process with Ethylene Oxide, similar to ESBO, decreased the Tg of polymer. DEHP migration was evaluated at a maximum level to the environment using the Gas Chromatography test. Samples containing ESBO showed less hemolysis. ABSTRAK: Penggunaan phthalates sebagai plasticizer dalam plastik polyvinyl chloride (PVC) selalu menimbulkan ancaman penghijrahan phthalates ke alam sekitar melalui peralatan perubatan. Phthalates boleh digunakan dengan plasticizer berasaskan semula jadi, seperti minyak kacang soya Epoxidized (ESBO) yang dikenali sebagai pemulung phthalate dan penstabil PVC. Formulasi PVC dicirikan oleh kombinasi yang berbeza di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 30-40% dengan 5% ESBO. Fleksibiliti PVC meningkat dengan ketara di hadapan ESBO, tanpa perubahan kekuatan (ujian tegangan). Penurunan suhu Tg dengan menambahkan ESBO dalam Calorimetri Pengimbasan Berbeza menunjukkan bahawa ESBO mengekalkan DEHP dalam polimer. Juga, ditunjukkan bahawa proses pensterilan dengan Etilena Oksida, serupa dengan ESBO, menurunkan Tg polimer. Penghijrahan DEHP dinilai pada tahap maksimum ke lingkungan menggunakan uji Kromatografi Gas. Sampel yang mengandungi ESBO menunjukkan kurang hemolisis.

Identifikasi Salmonella Sp Pada Saus Cabai Pentolan yang Diperjualbelikan Di Kecamatan Mamajang Kota Makassar

Sauce is a flavoring ingredient that is usually added to food. In the chili sauce processing process, it is possible that the raw materials used are not washed clean and the place used to store chili sauce is in the form of bottles or containers that do not undergo a sterilization process after use. One of the bacteria that contaminates chili sauce is Salmonella sp which can cause digestive tract disorders. The purpose of the study was to identify Salmonella sp in the pentolan chili sauce that was traded in the Mamajang sub-district, Makassar city, which was a laboratory observation using research methods, namely culture and biochemical tests. The research sample used was pentolan chili sauce that was traded in the Mamajang sub-district of Makassar city as many as 10 samples with the sampling technique of random sampling. Based on the research that has been done from 10 samples of pentolan chili sauce, positive results were obtained for Salmonella sp. It can be concluded that the pentolan chili sauce sold in the Mamajang district of Makassar city has been contaminated by Salmonella sp.

A Case-study: Temperature Distribution and Heat Penetration in Steam-air Retort, Using Glass Jars and Retort Pouches

Retort thermal sterilization of canned food is a technology, which allows preserving food products by applying heat on packaged food in retorts (autoclaves) at temperatures up to 121 °C. The thermodynamics of the processes in the retort are influenced by the product stacking method in the basket and packaging material. The aims of this study were: 1) to analyse and compare temperature distribution (TD) and the slowest to heat location in the steam-air retort stacked with glass jars and with retort pouches; 2) to analyse and compare commercial product heat penetration (HP) characteristics in glass jars and retort pouches. Temperature measurements were performed with wireless thermocouples. The come-up time (heating phase) required to achieve in the retort temperature uniformity criteria of ±0.5 °C, is 28 min when the retort is stacked with glass jars, and 24 min when the retort is stacked with retort pouches. Total calculated process time (holding phase), necessary to achieve the sterilization value (F0 of 3 min), for sample in glass jars was 67 min, but in retort pouches – 62 min. The overall sterilization process time difference between two considered packaging types was 9 min, which is significant amount of time in the context of commercial processing. The study clearly shows the necessity to perform the Temperature Distribution and Heat Penetration study, as each packaging material, stacking method and product will affect sterilization process thermodynamics and, therefore, the overall process time and consequently - the safety of food product.

Nine Channel Temperature Data Logger in Measuring the Effectiveness of the Sterilization Process of Medical Instruments with Dry Sterilization

Measuring the temperature on the dry sterilizer is very necessary because the temperature inside the dry sterilizer has the possibility that the temperature is not the same as the temperature that has been set and is displayed on the display. If the temperature in the dry sterilizer does not match the standard setting temperature for the sterilization process, then the sterilization process is said to be imperfect The purpose of this study is to record and monitor whether the distributed temperature in the sterilization chamber corresponds to the setting temperature. The workings of the temperature data logger tool is that the type K thermocouple temperature sensor will detect the temperature which then enters the analog signal conditioning circuit which then enters the ATMegga 2560 which has been given a program and processed in such a way, then the temperature will be displayed on a 4x20 character LCD. Temperature measurement data will be saved to the SD Card every 10 seconds in the form of a TXT file. This research has been used to record 2 sterilizers and compared with the Madgetech OctTemp2000 data logger. Based on data measurements and comparisons, the average error was obtained at a temperature of 50ºC with the smallest error value of 0.7% and the largest value of 3.9%. At a temperature of 100ºC, the smallest error value is 1.6% and the largest is 10.5%. Then at a temperature of 120ºC the smallest error value is 0.0% and the largest is 8.5%. This research can be used to help analyze the distribution of temperature in a room. With these measurement results, it can be said that this study still has afairly high error value at several measurement points.

KOMPOSISI PROKSIMAT DAN PENERIMAAN SENSORI MAKANAN VEGETARIAN INDIA STERIL TERPILIH

Vegetarian diets are slowly becoming a lifestyle in Malaysia but is still lacking in the production of vegetarian foods in the form of ready-to-eat meals. The main objectives of this study were to determine the proximate composition and sensory acceptance of selected Indian vegetarian dishes (aloo gobi, dhal curry, potato curry, aloo patta gobi, bhindi masala, vadai and vegetarian kebab) before and after sterilization process. The preparation of the dishes was done using sterilization and vacuum packaging technique. As for the proximate analysis, ash, moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre and total caloric content were determined. Sensory analysis which was quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and the 7-point hedonic scale were used to determine appearance, colour, odour, taste, texture and overall acceptance, before and after sterilization process. In proximate analysis, significant difference (p<0.05) between reference and steril samples for vegetarian kebab and vadai (moisture), aloo patta gobi and aloo gobi (ash), bhindi masala, vegetarian kebab and aloo gobi (protein), aloo gobi, vegetarian kebab and vadai (fat). Vegetarian kebab showed the highest mean value and significantly different (p<0.05) in energy values. Hedonic test showed that the overall acceptability of Indian vegetarian dishes among races were significantly different (p<0.05). Vegetarian kebab had the highest preference score as compared to the other samples. As for QDA, there were no significant difference in the overall acceptability for all the reference and sterilized samples. In conclusion, the sterilization process slightly affected the proximate composition and sensory acceptance of selected Indian vegetarian dishes.

Effect of the Type of Adhesives on the Properties of Multilayer Packaging Material Based on PET/AlOx Film with Acrylic Coating before and after the Sterilization Process

In this work the properties of multilayer packaging materials based on PET/AlOx film with acrylic coating were studied. Multilayer packaging materials were produced on industrial laminators using three different adhesive compositions with different content of reactive groups. It is shown that the peculiarity of the chemical nature of adhesive components affects the bond strength and the seal strength of multilayer packaging materials.

Assessment of the possibility of surgical masks re-use after a sterilization process in the pandemic condition of COVID-19

The aim of this study was to explore the possibility to re-use disposable masks in order to prevent excessive waste generation during the pandemic period. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused rapidly increasing waste production resulting from the necessity of common usage of disposable personal protective equipment. This research covers the evaluation of the structure of surgical masks subjected to a threefold steam, gas or plasma sterilization process in order to verify the possibility of their re-use. The results of the study showed that gas sterilization even after three cycles did not cause significant changes in mask structure or air permeability. Hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization caused significant changes in the structure of layer A after the third cycle of sterilization; nonetheless, it did not influence the air permeability of the mask. A significant reduction in the cover ratio of layers composing surgical masks causes an increase of air permeability in the case of steam sterilization, leading to a reduction of the mechanical ability to prevent the penetration of microorganisms. The reduction in cover ratio limits the filtration efficiency. Surgical masks subjected to threefold gas sterilization can be recommended for re-use. This allows one to use the mask thrice, ensuring safety for users and limiting the mask-waste production to one-third of the volume compared with when the mask is used once. The volume of mask-waste can be reduced with the application of the sterilization process for used masks during the pandemic period. Currently, it is not possible to sterilize all one-use masks, but implementation of this method in hospitals and medical centers is a step in the pro-environmental direction.

Perancangan Koleksi Pakaian dan Produk Lifestyle dengan Teknik Upcyle

Abstract—Social media is a very common thing nowdays. But most people these days have been addicted to social media. This could lead to physical and mental health. That is why social media addicted people tend to feel lonely, depressed, sad, and even lost themselves. Because of such issues, collection of modest citywear and lifestyle product for spring/summer 2021/2022 will be made based on Homespun trend forecast, and being titled with Fixation. This collection is made for inciting awareness about social media addiction danger in society. Fixation’s collection is made for men and women, girls and boys, with urban streetwear designs and some sporty vibes in it. Concept designs are completed with data from interview, which being done for getting upcycle techniques that fit with the concept. Upcycle technique will be applicated into 5 look of Fixation collection. Upcycling process is being done step by step, with sterilization process as the beginning of the process. Upcycle technique using much more energy and time, but it ends up well for environment and society in the future. Upcycle technique also upgrades creativity and can be made as treatment for people who need itKeywords: fixation, homespun, social media Abstrak—Media sosial merupakan hal yang sangat umum digunakan saat ini. Namun masyarakat saat ini banyak yang kecanduan akan penggunaan media sosial. Hal ini dapat berakibat pada kesehatan fisik maupun mental. Oleh karena itu pecandu media sosial cenderung merasa kesepian, depresi, sedih, hingga kehilangan jati diri mereka. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, akan dibuat koleksi modest citywear dan lifestyle product spring/summer 2021/2022, berdasarkan tema besar Homespun, dengan judul koleksi berupa Fixation. Koleksi ini dirancang untuk mengingatkan masyarakat akan bahaya dari kecanduan sosial. Koleksi Fixation dirancang untuk dapat dikenakan oleh pria dan wanita, dari anak-anak hingga dewasa dengan desain urban streetwear dan sentuhan sporty pada desainnya. Perancangan konsep didukung dengan data wawancara yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan teknikupcycle yang sesuai dengan konsep. Teknikupcycleyang diaplikasikan pada koleksi dari Fixation yang terdiri dari 5 look. Proses upcycle dilakukan secara bertahap dengan melalui proses sterilisasi terlebih dulu. hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa teknikupcycle membutuhkan waktu dan energi yang lebih banyak dalam pengerjaannya, namun berdampak baik bagi masyarakat dan lingkungan untuk kedepannya. Teknik upcycle dapat meningkatkan kreativitas dan juga sebagai terapi bagi orang yang menekuni teknikupcycle tersebut Kata kunci: fixation, homespun, social media

Assessment of the Impact of Decellularization Methods on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites Used as Skin Substitute

This work aimed to assess the impact of acellularization and sterilization methods on the mechanical properties of biocomposites used as a skin substitute. On the basis of the statistical analysis, it was ascertained that the values of the Young modulus for the samples before the sterilization process—only in the cases of substances such as: trypsin, 15% glycerol and dispase—changed in a statistically significant way. In the case of dispase, the Young modulus value before the sterilization process amounted to 66.6 MPa, for trypsin this value equalled 33.9 MPa, whereas for 15% glycerol it was 11 MPa. In the case of samples after the completion of the sterilization process, the analysis did not show any statistically significant differences between the obtained results of Young’s modulus depending on the respective reagents applied. It was confirmed that different methods of acellularization and the process of sterilization effect the alteration of mechanical properties of allogeneic skins. In the case of the decellularization method using SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate), liquid nitrogen and 85% glycerol the highest values of strain were observed. In the authors’ opinion, it is the above-mentioned methods that should be recommended in the process of preparation of skin substitutes.