scholarly journals Utilization of eDNA metabarcoding to assess coral reef health in Okinawa, Japan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Reimer ◽  
Joseph DiBattista ◽  
Piera Biondi ◽  
Giovanni D Masucci ◽  
Michael Stat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Over Exploitation

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has great potential in assessing comparative total biodiversity, and facilitating robust comparisons across a wide variety of sites and taxa. In particular, eDNA combined with next-generation sequencing can help address the huge critical data gaps in our understanding of marine biodiversity, especially in regions with high levels of understudied diversity such as the coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. Within this region, Okinawa is known for its high levels of marine biodiversity and endemicity, and also for the threats shallow coral reef ecosystems face from a variety of stressors including local-scale coastal development and over-exploitation to global scale threats such as climate change. In this study, we generated eDNA metabarcoding sequences from sediment and seawater samples from various reefs in Okinawa, Japan. At the same time, we developed a simple methodology to assess the relative health of these reefs based on anthropogenic and natural stressors. We discuss our eDNA results in comparison to coral reef health, identify potential bioindicator taxa, and explore the relative biodiversity of coral reef communities across sites. Our results indicate that taxa asides from the corals (Scleractinia) can provide robust information on coral reef health.

scholarly journals Utilization of eDNA metabarcoding to assess coral reef health in Okinawa, Japan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Reimer ◽  
Joseph DiBattista ◽  
Piera Biondi ◽  
Giovanni D Masucci ◽  
Michael Stat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Critical Data ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Over Exploitation

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has great potential in assessing comparative total biodiversity, and facilitating robust comparisons across a wide variety of sites and taxa. In particular, eDNA combined with next-generation sequencing can help address the huge critical data gaps in our understanding of marine biodiversity, especially in regions with high levels of understudied diversity such as the coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. Within this region, Okinawa is known for its high levels of marine biodiversity and endemicity, and also for the threats shallow coral reef ecosystems face from a variety of stressors including local-scale coastal development and over-exploitation to global scale threats such as climate change. In this study, we generated eDNA metabarcoding sequences from sediment and seawater samples from various reefs in Okinawa, Japan. At the same time, we developed a simple methodology to assess the relative health of these reefs based on anthropogenic and natural stressors. We discuss our eDNA results in comparison to coral reef health, identify potential bioindicator taxa, and explore the relative biodiversity of coral reef communities across sites. Our results indicate that taxa asides from the corals (Scleractinia) can provide robust information on coral reef health.

scholarly journals Digging for DNA at depth: rapid universal metabarcoding surveys (RUMS) as a tool to detect coral reef biodiversity across a depth gradient

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. DiBattista ◽  
James D. Reimer ◽  
Michael Stat ◽  
Giovanni D. Masucci ◽  
Piera Biondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

Background Effective biodiversity monitoring is fundamental in tracking changes in ecosystems as it relates to commercial, recreational, and conservation interests. Current approaches to survey coral reef ecosystems center on the use of indicator species and repeat surveying at specific sites. However, such approaches are often limited by the narrow snapshot of total marine biodiversity that they describe and are thus hindered in their ability to contribute to holistic ecosystem-based monitoring. In tandem, environmental DNA (eDNA) and next-generation sequencing metabarcoding methods provide a new opportunity to rapidly assess the presence of a broad spectrum of eukaryotic organisms within our oceans, ranging from microbes to macrofauna. Methods We here investigate the potential for rapid universal metabarcoding surveys (RUMS) of eDNA in sediment samples to provide snapshots of eukaryotic subtropical biodiversity along a depth gradient at two coral reefs in Okinawa, Japan based on 18S rRNA. Results Using 18S rRNA metabarcoding, we found that there were significant separations in eukaryotic community assemblages (at the family level) detected in sediments when compared across different depths ranging from 10 to 40 m (p = 0.001). Significant depth zonation was observed across operational taxonomic units assigned to the class Demospongiae (sponges), the most diverse class (contributing 81% of species) within the phylum Porifera; the oldest metazoan phylum on the planet. However, zonation was not observed across the class Anthozoa (i.e., anemones, stony corals, soft corals, and octocorals), suggesting that the former may serve as a better source of indicator species based on sampling over fine spatial scales and using this universal assay. Furthermore, despite their abundance on the examined coral reefs, we did not detect any octocoral DNA, which may be due to low cellular shedding rates, assay sensitivities, or primer biases. Discussion Overall, our pilot study demonstrates the importance of exploring depth effects in eDNA and suggest that RUMS may be applied to provide a baseline of information on eukaryotic marine taxa at coastal sites of economic and conservation importance.

scholarly journals KONDISI EKSISTING FAUNA MEGABENTHOS DI PERAIRAN LABUHAN PANDAN LOMBOK TIMUR PASCA GEMPA BUMI LOMBOK 7.0 SKALA RICHTER

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Noar Muda Satyawan ◽  
Novita Tri Atriningrum
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
External Disturbance ◽  
Acanthaster Planci ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Reef Ecosystem

Abstrak : Gangguan eksternal pada ekosistem terumbu karang dapat terjadi secara alami ataupun karena aktifitas manusia yang menimbulkan perubahan fisik maupun ekologis. Perubahan ekologis dapat terlihat dari perubahan komposisi biota yang berasosiasi di dalamnya. Salah satu kelompok biota yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang adalah megabenthos. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untk mengetahui kondisi eksisting fauna megabenthos pada ekosistem terumbu karang di perairan Labuhan Pandan Lombok Timur. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 5 stasiun yaitu Gili Bidara (BDR_01), Gili Kondo (KND_01), Gili Petagan 1 (PTG_01), Gili Petagan 2 (PTG_02), dan Gili Petagan 3 (PTG_03). Pengambilan data megabenthos dilakukan dengan metode Benthos Belt Transect (BBT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 15 jenis megabenthos yang termasuk dalam 5 Phylum (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata, Annelida, dan Platyhelminthes). Jumlah jenis tertinggi ditemukan pada phylum Echinodermata (10 jenis), kemudian diikuti oleh Mollusca (2 jenis), Chordata (1 jenis), Annelida (1 jenis), dan Platyhelminthes (1 jenis). Kepadatan megabenthos tertinggi ditemukan pada stasiun BDR_01 (10.571 ind/Ha), kemudian diikuti oleh stasiun KND_01 (10.214 ind/Ha), PTG_02 (9.857 ind/Ha), PTG_03 (8.429 ind/Ha) dan PTG_01 (1.714 ind/Ha). Keanekaragaman jenis tertingi ditemukan pada stasiun PTG_01 (H’=1,14), kemudian diikuti oleh BDR_01 (H’=0,76), KND_01 (H’=0,69), PTG_03 (H’=0,17) dan PTG_02 (H’=0,09). Hasil perhitungan indeks dominansi menunjukkan bahwa Didemnum molle (phylum Chordata)  ditemukan dominan pada seluruh stasiun pengamatan. Ditemukan juga jenis megabenthos pemangsa hewan karang yaitu Acanthaster planci pada stasiun PTG_03 serta Drupella sp. pada stasiun BDR_01, KND_01 dan PTG_02. Beberapa jenis megabenthos yang ditemukan dapat dijadikan bioindikator dalam pemantauan kesehatan ekosistem terumbu karang di Perairan Labuhan Pandan, Lombok Timur.Kata Kunci: Kondisi eksisting, Megabenthos, Gempa Bumi, Labuhan Pandan, Lombok TimurAbstract: External disturbance to the coral reef ecosystem occured by naturally or due to human activities that cause physical and ecological changes. Ecological changes could be seen from changes in the composition of the associated biota. One of the biota groups that associated with coral reefs were megabenthos. The purpose of this study were to determine the condition of the megabenthos fauna on coral reef ecosystems in the Labuhan Pandan waters, Eastern Lombok. Observations were made at 5 stations namely Gili Bidara (BDR_01), Gili Kondo (KND_01), Gili Petagan 1 (PTG_01), Gili Petagan 2 (PTG_02), and Gili Petagan 3 (PTG_03). Data of Megabenthos were collected by Benthos Belt Transect (BBT) method. The results showed that found 15 species of megabenthos included in 5 phylum (Mollusca, Echinoderm, Chordata, Annelida, and Platyhelminthes). The highest number of species were found in Echinoderms phylum (10 species), followed by Mollusca (2 species), Chordata (1 species), Annelida (1 species), and Platyhelminthes (1 species). The highest megabenthos density were found at BDR_01 station (10,571 ind / Ha), then followed by stations KND_01 (10,214 ind / Ha), PTG_02 (9,857 ind / Ha), PTG_03 (8,429 ind / Ha) and PTG_01 (1,714 ind / Ha). The highest species diversity were found at stations PTG_01 (H '= 1.14), then followed by BDR_01 (H' = 0.76), KND_01 (H '= 0.69), PTG_03 (H' = 0.17) and PTG_02 (H '= 0.09). The calculation result of dominance index shows that Didemnum molle (phylum Chordata) were found dominant in all observation stations. Also found species of coral predator Acanthaster planci at PTG_03 station and Drupella sp. at stations BDR_01, KND_01 and PTG_02. Several species of megabenthos can be used as bioindicators to monitoring of coral reef health in Labuhan Pandan Waters, East Lombok.Keywords: Existing conditions, megabenthos, earthquake, Labuhan Pandan, Eastern Lombok  

scholarly journals Kesesuaian Zonasi Pulau-Pulau Kecil : Studi Kasus Kawasan Konservasi Gili Sulat Gili Lawang Lombok Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Sitti Hilyana ◽  
Sadikin Amir ◽  
Saptono Waspodo
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystems ◽  
Coral Reef Area

Gili Sulat Gili Lawang are small islands that have high marine biodiversity and have been designated as a Marine Tourism Park (TWP) covering an area of 10,000 hectares.  This study aims to analyze the suitability of zoning and analysis of space use in each zone. The data was collected by using a structured interview technique using a questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) approach. Zoning suitability analysis used a Geographic Information System (GIS). The assessment showed that the conditions of the mangrove ecosystem, coral reef ecosystem and seagrass ecosystem were in the bad to good categories. Based on the zoning suitability analysis of 193.83 hectares (44.02%) of the coral reef area suitable for the core zone, 143.33 hectares (32.55%) consists of 108 hectares of coral reef ecosystems and 35.43 hectares of seagrass ecosystems suitable for the zone. limited use, and 9,666.47 hectares are suitable for other zones consisting of a coral reef rehabilitation zone covering an area of 93.11 hectares, a protection zone of 93.11 hectares and other waters 8,585.76 hectares.

Reef Foraminifera As Bioindicator Of Coral Reef Health in Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishah Norashikin Abdul A’ziz ◽  
Fatin Izzati Minhat ◽  
Pan Hui-Juan ◽  
Hasrizal Shaari ◽  
Wan Nurzalia Wan Saelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Reef Recovery ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
Coral Reef Area ◽  
Reduced Water

Abstract Pulau Tioman is one of the famous tourism islands in Peninsular Malaysia due to the beautiful terrestrial and coral reefs ecosystem. This study aims to assess and monitor the health of coral reef sites surrounding Pulau Tioman based on the application of Foraminifera in Reef Assessment and Monitoring (FORAM) Index. A total of ten selected sampling sites from west and east side of Pulau Tioman were setup in front of the major beach areas around Pulau Tioman. At each site, 100 m transect was laid out from shore towards the reef slope and surface sediment samples were collected at 50 m intervals. Eight orders, 41 families, 80 genera and 161 species of benthic foraminifera were identified around Pulau Tioman. Amphistegina lessonii found to be the most dominant species and the least dominant species (< 4%) are Bolivina vadescens, Elphidium neosimplex, Heterolepa dutemplei, Heterolepa subhaidingerii, Mikrobelodontos bradyi, Milliolinella suborbicularis, Operculina discoidalis, Parahourinoides fragillissimus, Quinqueloculina incisa, Quinqueloculina sulcate, Triloculinella bertheliniana and Triloculinella parisa. The highest and lowest numbers of species was recorded at station J3 and station F3. The agglutinated type of foraminifera contributed between 2–8% of the total assemblages. Meanwhile, calcareous hyaline and porcelaneous group represent 79% and 19% of total assemblages respectively. Based on the functional groups, symbiont-bearing taxa were the most common foraminiferal found in most of the stations. The present study indicates that majority of sampling sites around Pulau Tioman are conducive for coral reef growth and could recover from any future bleaching events or temporary damage in the ecosystem. However, several areas with higher coastal development and tourism activities has reduced water quality (FI < 4) and chances of better reef recovery. Thus, the number of visitors and tourists should be revised in order to produce a better condition for coral reefs to grow. This assumption is based on the established results of the FORAM index. Thus, we suppose that FORAM index could be used together with coral reef health index in other reef ecosystems around Malaysia to determine the condition and status of coral reef area.

scholarly journals ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERAIRAN DAERAH LIUKANG TUPPABIRING

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Tenri A R ◽  
Danial Sultan ◽  
Asbar Asbar
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Eretmochelys Imbricata ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
The Government

Liukang Tuppabiring is a waters with marine biodiversity potential large enough to be developed and managed sustainably. Utilization around the coral reefs in the waters of the Liukang Tuppabiring sub-district currently tends to lead to destructive use, so it is necessary to take damage prevention measures immediately. The results showed the condition of coral cover in the medium and damaged, while at stations 1,2,3,4,6 (25,47-41.07%), while conditions were good at station 5 (56.20%). The number of individual reef fish is 290 individuals from 46 species of 22 genera 11 families. At the research location also identified one type of protected biota namely Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). Coral damage that occurred at 6 observation stations was more caused by the practice of using destructive and environmentally unfriendly fishing equipment such as bombs, trawls, and the use of poisons. The priority strategies undertaken in the management of coral reefs at the study site are 1) Management of environmentally friendly coral reefs where the community as a manager with strong support from the Government; 2) Making clear rules related to utilization in coral reef areas and establishing a POSMAKWAS institution to avoid more severe coral damage; 3) Improve supervision and law enforcement must be firm in relation to the use of fishing gear that can damage coral reef ecosystems.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef—how adequately is it protected?

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe T. Richards ◽  
Jon C. Day
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Great Barrier Reef ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Level Monitoring ◽  
Reef Ecosystem

BackgroundThe Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the world’s most iconic coral reef ecosystem, recognised internationally as a World Heritage Area of outstanding significance. Safeguarding the biodiversity of this universally important reef is a core legislative objective; however, ongoing cumulative impacts including widespread coral bleaching and other detrimental impacts have heightened conservation concerns for the future of the GBR.MethodsHere we review the literature to report on processes threatening species on the GBR, the status of marine biodiversity, and evaluate the extent of species-level monitoring and reporting. We assess how many species are listed as threatened at a global scale and explore whether these same species are protected under national threatened species legislation. We conclude this review by providing future directions for protecting potentially endangered elements of biodiversity within the GBR.ResultsMost of the threats identified to be harming the diversity of marine life on the GBR over the last two–three decades remain to be effectively addressed and many are worsening. The inherent resilience of this globally significant coral reef ecosystem has been seriously compromised and various elements of the biological diversity for which it is renowned may be at risk of silent extinction. We show at least 136 of the 12,000+ animal species known to occur on the GBR (approximately 20% of the 700 species assessed by the IUCN) occur in elevated categories of threat (Critically Endangered, EndangeredorVulnerable) at a global scale. Despite the wider background level of threat for these 136 species, only 23 of them are listed as threatened under regional or national legislation.DiscussionTo adequately protect the biodiversity values of the GBR, it may be necessary to conduct further targeted species-level monitoring and reporting to complement ecosystem management approaches. Conducting a vigorous value of information analysis would provide the opportunity to evaluate what new and targeted information is necessary to support dynamic management and to safeguard both species and the ecosystem as a whole. Such an analysis would help decision-makers determine if further comprehensive biodiversity surveys are needed, especially for those species recognised to be facing elevated background levels of threat. If further monitoring is undertaken, it will be important to ensure it aligns with and informs the GBRMPA Outlook five-year reporting schedule. The potential also exists to incorporate new environmental DNA technologies into routine monitoring to deliver high-resolution species data and identify indicator species that are cursors of specific disturbances. Unless more targeted action is taken to safeguard biodiversity, we may fail to pass onto future generations many of the values that comprise what is universally regarded as the world’s most iconic coral reef ecosystem.

scholarly journals Improved biodiversity detection using a large-volume environmental DNA sampler with in situ filtration and implications for marine eDNA sampling strategies

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette F. Govindarajan ◽  
Luke McCartin ◽  
Allan Adams ◽  
Elizabeth Allan ◽  
Abhimanyu Belani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Robotic Vehicle ◽  
Seawater Samples ◽  
Biodiversity Changes ◽  
Collection Strategies

Metabarcoding analysis of environmental DNA samples is a promising new tool for marine biodiversity and conservation. Typically, seawater samples are obtained using Niskin bottles and filtered to collect eDNA. However, standard sample volumes are small relative to the scale of the environment, conventional collection strategies are limited, and the filtration process is time consuming. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new large-volume eDNA sampler with in situ filtration, capable of taking up to 12 samples per deployment. We conducted three deployments of our sampler on the robotic vehicle Mesobot in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico and collected samples from 20 to 400 m depth. We compared the large volume (~40-60 liters) samples collected by Mesobot with small volume (~2 liters) samples collected using the conventional CTD-mounted Niskin bottle approach. We sequenced the V9 region of 18S rRNA, which detects a broad range of invertebrate taxa, and found that while both methods detected biodiversity changes associated with depth, our large volume samples detected approximately 66% more taxa than the CTD small volume samples. We found that the fraction of the eDNA signal originating from metazoans relative to the total eDNA signal decreased with sampling depth, indicating that larger volume samples may be especially important for detecting metazoans in mesopelagic and deep ocean environments. We also noted substantial variability in biological replicates from both the large volume Mesobot and small volume CTD sample sets. Both of the sample sets also identified taxa that the other did not; although the number of unique taxa associated with the Mesobot samples was almost four times larger than those from the CTD samples. Large volume eDNA sampling with in situ filtration, particularly when coupled with robotic platforms, has great potential for marine biodiversity surveys, and we discuss practical methodological and sampling considerations for future applications.

scholarly journals Mangrove forests mitigate coral bleaching under thermal stress from climate change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Johnson ◽  
Jaimie Dick ◽  
Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Bleaching ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Reef Corals ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

Anthropogenic marine heatwaves are progressively degrading coral reef ecosystems worldwide via the process of coral bleaching (the expulsion of photosynthetic endosymbionts which reveals the coral skeleton). Corals from mangrove lagoons are hypothesised to increase resistance and resilience to coral bleaching, highlighting these areas as potential natural refuges for corals. Our study, the first conducted at a global-scale, reveals that coral reefs associated with mangrove forests are less likely to bleach under thermal stress, and thus, under scenarios of climate warming. The onset of severe bleaching occurred after 3.6 Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) in mangrove-associated reefs, compared to 2.23 DHW for non-mangrove associated reefs. These findings highlight the critical role of mangrove forests for coral reef persistence under climate change. Accordingly, conservation actions targeting the protection of mangroves are expected to contribute to the resilience and resistance of reef corals from bleaching as marine heatwaves continue to become more common.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Kondisi Kesehatan Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Pulau Sepa, Kepulauan Seribu

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Ankiq Taofiqurohman ◽  
Ibnu Faizal ◽  
Kholid Agil Rizkia
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Thousand Islands ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
Color Score

Kepulauan Seribu merupakan gugusan pulau di perairan utara Jakarta yang memiliki daya tarik wisata terutama untuk snorkeling dan diving dengan adanya terumbu karang, salah satunya adalah Pulau Sepa. Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang rentan mengalami degradasi oleh berbagai faktor. Kegiatan snorkeling menjadi salah satu  ancaman yang terjadi pada terumbu karang, oleh karena itu diperlukan pengukuran mengenai kondisi kesehatan ekosistem terumbu karang, khususnya Pulau Sepa kepulauan Seribu, sebagai bentuk integrasi konservasi ekosistem dan pengelolaan wisata. Riset ini dilakukan di Pulau Sepa, Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu pada Bulan Maret-Agustus 2020. Wilayah yang diamati merupakan spot snorkeling pada kedalaman 1-5 m pada 10 stasiun penelitian  , dengan mengklasifikasikan warna kesehatan dan juga tipe karang menggunakan klasifikasi dari Coral Watch.  Skor warna kesehatan terumbu karang pada zona snorkeling Pulau Sepa, didominasi dengan kondisi kurang sehat pada skor warna 4, dengan dominasi tipe karang branching dan boulder dan sedikit tipe pertumbuhan plate dan soft. Kriteria kesehatan terumbu karang mayoritas berada pada kurang sehat, sedikit sehat dan tidak ditemukan yang tidak sehat. Rincian kriteria kesehatan terumbu karang kurang sehat di temui pada stasiun 1-10 dengan masing masing persentase 92%, 72%, 100%, 94%, 78%, 94%, 100%, 100%, 67%, dan 89%, untuk rincian kriteria kesehatan terumbu karang sehat pada stasiun 1-10 dengan masing-masing persentase 8%, 28%, 0%, 6%, 22%, 6%, 0%, 0%, 33%, 11%. Faktor lingkungan seperti kecerahan yang dipengaruhi oleh sedimentasi serta tekanan antropogenik dari aktivitas manusia mempengaruhi kondisi tutupan karang di pulau ini. The Thousand Islands are a group of islands in the northern waters of Jakarta which have tourist attractions, especially for snorkeling and diving with the presence of coral reefs, one of which is Sepa Island. Coral reef ecosystem is an ecosystem that is prone to degradation by various factors. Snorkeling activities are one of the threats that occur on coral reefs, therefore it is necessary to measure the health condition of coral reef ecosystems, especially Sepa Island, the Thousand Islands, as a form of integration of ecosystem conservation and tourism management. This research was conducted on Sepa Island, Thousand Islands National Park on March - August 2020. The area observed is a snorkeling spot at a depth of 1-5 m at 10 research stations, by classifying the color of health and also the type of coral using the classification from Coral Watch. The coral reef health color score in the Sepa Island snorkeling zone, was dominated by unhealthy conditions at a color score of 4, with a dominance of branching and boulder coral types and few plate and soft growth types. The majority of coral reef health criteria are unhealthy, slightly healthy and not found unhealthy. Details of the health criteria for unhealthy coral reefs were found at stations 1-10 with each percentage of 92%, 72%, 100%, 94%, 78%, 94%, 100%, 100%, 67%, and 89%, respectively. details of health criteria for healthy coral reefs at stations 1-10 with each percentage of 8%, 28%, 0%, 6%, 22%, 6%, 0%, 0%, 33%, 11%. Environmental factors such as clarity which influenced by sedimentation and anthropogenic factors from human activities affect the condition of coral cover on this island.

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