Public Perception on the Existence of Macaca hecki and Macaca tonkeana in Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve of Central Sulawesi

Wildlife is one of the biological natural resources that can be use it sustainably and sustainably, because wildlife is a natural resource renewable or renewable biological (renewable resources). This study aims to determine public perception of the exixtence of Macaca hecki and Macaca tonkeana in Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve of Central Sulawesi. This research was carried out along the Palu-Parigi trans road which is in the Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve, Central Sulawesi Province in April - June 2021. The results showed that presence of endemic Sulawesi macaque (M. hecki and M. tonkeana) along the Palu-Parigi trans road which is in the Protected Forest and Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve area causes various problems such as people experiencing unpleasant events with the presence of macaque, stolen goods, enter into community plantations, and damage various types of agricultural crops (avocado, cloves, cocoa, and several other fruits).

Community Structure of Seagrass Field in Litoral Zone of Leweung Sancang Garut Nature Reserve

Seagrass meadows or seagrass beds are one of the important components in coastal ecosystems. Seagrasses provide ecosystem services for various biota that live in it as well as components of the surrounding coastal ecosystems. The Sancang Nature Reserve is one of the coastal areas that has seagrass communities, and seagrass observation data is needed for reference to conservation strategies. This study aims to determine the condition of the cover and the structure of the seagrass community that fills the littoral zone of the Sancang Nature Reserve using the quadratic transect method, which was conducted from March 17 – 21, 2021. The data collected were seagrass species, species frequency, species cover and total cover, and the importance value index of species. Observations were made at 3 stations with an area of 100 m2 each along Ciporeang Beach, at each station 30 square transects with a size of 50 cm were placed, with 1 square transect divided into 25 grids measuring 10 cm. As well as the observation of environmental physical and chemical indicators. The results showed that the seagrass community in the research sites were overgrown by species Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hempricii which had a cover condition in the rich category with a percentage of 61.09%. Species densities were 117 i/m and 679 i/m, species closures were 36.95% and 25.63%, and the importance value index of species were 1.49 and 0.54. The difference was significantly influenced by physical indicators such as substrate structure and current velocity, while the chemical indicators at each station did not show a significant difference. Nutrient content data in the substrate at each station is needed to get more detailed conclusions about the factors that affect seagrass cover on the Sancang coast.

Organoleptic Value and Number of Bacteria Sausage Rabbit Meat Based On Levels Green Bean Flour Substitution

Sausage is a food ingredient that comes from pieces of meat that are ground and seasoned, and put into a casing so that it is oval in shape. One type of meat that can be processed into sausage is rabbit meat. This study aims to determine the effect of the level of substitution of mung bean flour on the organoleptic value and the number of bacteria in rabbit meat sausage. The research materials used were 3000 g rabbit meat, mung bean flour, skim milk, and a severala of spices. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely the addition of 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% mung bean flour, with 4 replications. The results showed that the level of substitution of mung bean flour had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the color, taste and texture of rabbit meat sausage and had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the aroma and number of bacteria. The addition of 15% mung bean flour gave the best organoleptic values, namely: Color 5.28 (light), aroma 5.31 (good), taste 5.95 (tasty), texture 5.99 (soft) with a bacterial count of 2.00 x 103 cfu/g, which is below the standard for bacterial contamination of sausages set by SNI 1995, which is 1x 103 cfu/g.

Phytochemical Screening of Decoction and Ethanolic Extract of Amomum dealbatum Roxb. Leaves

Renggak (Amomum dealbatum Roxb.) is a species from the genus Amomum widely spread in Lombok. Traditionally, Amomum dealbatum Roxb. (renggak) is an antiseptic to treat rheumatism and arthritis. However, there was limited report of its phytochemical contents and biological activity of Amomum dealbatum Roxb. This study is preliminary research that aims to determine the phytochemical content of Amomum dealbatum Roxb. leaf decoction and its ethanolic extract. For this study, we used two different extraction methods. The fully powdered plant used for the successive extraction in the cold process for maceration methods was 800 g, and ethanols were used as solvents. We used a traditional receipt that utilized three fresh leaves in the decoction methods with 4,5 L of water as solvents. Phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively by using the tube method with specific reagents for each compound. Important phytochemicals that were screened are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. Phytochemical screening from plant extract and decoction revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Triterpenoid was only detected on the extract, and none of the extract and decoction have saponins and steroids. Our finding provides information about secondary metabolites that present in Amomum dealbatum Roxb. These phytochemical findings are essential and might be useful as quality parameters and to predicts its biological activities.

Application of Simplex Lattice Design Method on The Optimisation of Deodorant Roll-on Formula of Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei)

Ashitaba is known to have antioxidant activity and gram-positive antibacterial activity that causes body odor. This is the potential activity for an active substance to be developed as deodorant. The appropriate formula is needed, so it is necessary to optimize the formula using the right method. This study aimed was to determine the application of the simplex lattice design method on the optimization of a deodorant roll-on formula of ashitaba extract. Ashitaba was extracted by the maceration method. The formula optimization design was determined using the simplex lattice design method by Design Expert®7.5.1. The components for optimization were the concentration of carbopol and concentration of TEA, and the optimization parameters were the spreadability test, sticky power, and pH test. The optimum formula of deodorant consists of 0.45% carbopol and 2.05% TEA. The responses of optimum formula obtained spreadability test 6.32 ± 0.33 cm, sticky power 44.67 ± 3.94 seconds, and pH 7.73 ± 0.17. These results meet the criteria for good preparation but need further testing related to the effectiveness of the preparation and the level of acceptance of the preparation by the user.

An addition to the alien flora of Java: the first record of adventive Costus dubius (Costaceae)

More than 6000 plant species, native and introduced, have been recorded in Java that includes the Costaceae family. In the last few years, several additions of alien Costus species have been published from Java. In 2019, a set of specimens of wild Costus sp. was collected from Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, West Java Indonesia. This species is not similar to any previously recorded wild Costus in Java. Therefore, this research aims to identify the collected specimen and provide a taxonomic account for the species. The morphological description was made from the living plant and the collected herbarium. The description was used to identify the species, supported by field notes and photographs. The result showed that the recently collected specimen belongs to Costus dubius. Before this finding, the plant was only known in cultivation in the Bogor Botanical Garden. Therefore, this finding represents the first record of the adventive population of C. dubius in Java and increases the number of wild Costus in Java into seven species. Further researches on Costus in Java are suggested such as the ecological impact due to the presence of several non-native species.

The Perceptions of Local Community's About Diversity of Mangrove Ecological Potential for Ecotourism Development in the South Coast of Lombok Island, Indonesia

The utilization of the coastal environment is still dominated by-products and has not yet switched to ecosystem service products, such as the use of mangrove ecosystems as ecotourism. This study aims to assess the local community's perception of the potential diversity that becomes an object for the community's economy. The research method uses surveys, observations, and interviews for social data, while the ecological data use transect and quadratic methods. Furthermore, data analysis used descriptive statistics. In addition, ecological data were analyzed using density (Ki), relative frequency (FR), diversity (H') of mangroves, and ecological indexes (Diversity (H'), Evenness (E), Dominance (D)). The results of the study found six mangrove species, ten echinoderm species, and thirteen bivalves. The highest diversity index (H') was in Poton Bako 1.80 and the Evenness index ranged from 0.80 – 0.98 with a stable category. Biota relative dominance the association index of echinoderms is high 0.79–0.11. Meanwhile, the bivalves Dominance index of 0.03-0.11 was low. In addition, local community's perception of mangrove conservation for ecotourism, 63% of the community stated, 7% is not possible and 30% is not. The feasible value of mangrove development is 62%, 17% is not feasible and 21% does not know. The priority developed by Eduwisata is 48%, Bird Watching is 20% and Tracking is 32%. The conclusion is that the choice of using mangrove ecosystem services can be developed as a policy in overcoming economic threats and the vulnerability of marine biota as well as solutions for local communities.

Non-Nepenthes Carnivorous Plants in Indonesia: Current Knowledge on Diversity, Ethnobotany, and Phytochemistry

One of the most unique plant groups in the world is carnivorous plants. Indonesia is home to many species of this plant group. Nepenthaceae, represented by single genus Nepenthes, is relatively well known, but the others are not. A literature study and several field trips were conducted to give a summary of the diversity and the potential uses of the non-Nepenthes carnivorous plants in Indonesia. Three families with a total number of 29 species have been reported for Indonesia, namely Lentibulariaceae (20 species), Droseraceae (8 species), and Byblidaceae (1 species). One species, Aldrovanda vesiculosa is listed as Endangered based on IUCN Red List. The results reveal that several species possess ethnobotanical and medicinal uses as well as other potential such as in phytoremediation and nanoparticle biosynthesis. Several bioactivities have been reported such as anticancer, antihypertensive, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, or even hepatoprotective. Among the most important bioactivity is anticancer which is supported by the presence of secondary metabolites named plumbagin, which so far has been found in three species. Our result indicates that this plant group is highly potential and warrants further studies and or development.

Ethnobotany Study of Medicinal Plants by the Mbojo Tribe Community in Ndano Village at the Madapangga Nature Park, Bima, West Nusa Tenggara

One of the cultural characteristics of people in developing countries is that traditional elements are still dominant in everyday life. These activities include the use of plants as medicinal ingredients by various ethnic groups or groups of people living in rural areas, one of which is the Mbojo Tribe, Ndano Village in Madapangga, Bima Regency, NTB. This study aims to identify the types of medicinal plants and to describe the local wisdom of the Mbojo Tribe in Ndano Village regarding the use of medicinal plants around the Madapangga Nature Tourism Park (TWA). The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of medicinal plant research based on local wisdom for the sustainable management of TWA Madapangga. This research is descriptive exploratory. Data collection techniques in the field by means of observation, interviews and documentation. Selection of informants for interviews using purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed descriptively related to the aspects that have been determined. The results obtained 26 species of medicinal plants that are best known and often used by the Mbojo Tribe, Ndano Village. Utilization of this medicinal plant is used to cure diseases which amount to 31 types of diseases. Based on the habitus group, the tree level is the most widely used as medicine. Meanwhile, the part (organ) of the plant that is most widely used is the leaf. The people of Ndano Village still use a simple way of concocting medicinal plants, namely by mashing (mashed, grated, kneaded) and boiled. The use of drugs, generally done by drinking, smeared and dripped. The results of this study are very useful for the development of medicinal plant research based on local wisdom for the sustainable management of TWA Madapangga.

Abundance and Diversity of Diatom Class Bacillariophyceae in the Waters of Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Based

Diatom class Bacillariophyceae are world wide distribution and commonly dominated the phytoplankton community. The community of diatom class Bacillariophyceae of the waters Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Based (FLB) has never been reported. This study aims to determine the abundance and diversity of diatom class Bacillariophyceae. The sampling sites were determined by using a systematic random sampling method. Data of diatom class Bacillariophyceae were analyzed for species abundance, species diversity index and species dominance index calculations. The results showed, that the abundance of diatom class Bacillariophyceae species were 322.000 ind/L (low category), the species diversity index of diatom class Bacillariophyceae was 2.162 (moderate category), and the species dominance index was 0.138 (none of species dominance).