scholarly journals Cyclic bouts of extreme bradycardia counteract the high metabolism of frugivorous bats

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Teague O'Mara ◽  
Martin Wikelski ◽  
Christian C Voigt ◽  
Andries Ter Maat ◽  
Henry S Pollock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Daily Risk ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Energetic Expenditure

Active flight requires the ability to efficiently fuel bursts of costly locomotion while maximizing energy conservation during non-flying times. We took a multi-faceted approach to estimate how fruit-eating bats (Uroderma bilobatum) manage a high-energy lifestyle fueled primarily by fig juice. Miniaturized heart rate telemetry shows that they use a novel, cyclic, bradycardic state that reduces daily energetic expenditure by 10% and counteracts heart rates as high as 900 bpm during flight. Uroderma bilobatum support flight with some of the fastest metabolic incorporation rates and dynamic circulating cortisol in vertebrates. These bats will exchange fat reserves within 24 hr, meaning that they must survive on the food of the day and are at daily risk of starvation. Energetic flexibly in U. bilobatum highlights the fundamental role of ecological pressures on integrative energetic networks and the still poorly understood energetic strategies of animals in the tropics.

scholarly journals Re-Designing Contemporary City Blocks: Designing In Favour Of Energy Conservation For A City In Desert: Kerman, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paria Sajadpour
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Hot Arid Climate ◽  
Neighbourhood Scale

In Iran, urban block morphology has changed as a result of the architectural focus shifting away from traditional concerns such as climate-and-energy sensitivity onto issues such as land use, transportation and finance. Current architectural practice while has completely overlooked the architecture of the past, failed to improve the quality of life. The hot, arid climate in combination with non-responsive urban building design has resulted in high energy consumption to keep occupants comfortable. Although it is possible to overcome many of the negative effects of an inefficient design by the use of mechanical systems, this thesis through an architectural response, explores the role of climate sensitive strategies, practiced in the traditional architecture, in recognizing the importance of energy conservation. While it is only at the urban scale that energy-saving strategies could effectively tackle problems, the applicability of these principles will be studied at a neighbourhood scale.

scholarly journals On the role of energy conservation in high-energy nuclear scattering

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Drescher ◽  
M Hladik ◽  
S Ostapchenko ◽  
T Pierog ◽  
K Werner
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nuclear Scattering

Performing international outreach: PhUn Week in an Australian primary school

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Halpin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Science Outreach ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Set Up ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Family Vacation

Physiology Understanding (PhUn) Week is an annual science outreach program sponsored by the American Physiological Society in which K–12 students learn about physiology through meeting a physiologist and performing an experiment. Performing PhUn Week at an Australian private primary school during a family vacation in 2014 enabled me to receive a fellowship to return the following year for further implementation. To set up the outreach, I contacted the assistant principal of a public primary school, and she connected me with the physical education (PE) teacher. Together, the PE teacher and I planned the event. Over the course of 2 days, I taught eight classes, a total of 176 K–12 students. I started each lesson by explaining the role of a physiologist. The scientific method was described and explained. A hypothesis, “Exercise increases heart rate,” was designed and tested. The students measured their heart rates, exercised, and measured their heart rates again. After data collection, results were reported, and the students all agreed that their hypothesis was supported. We then discussed heart function and why heart rate increases with exercise. The students then performed a pedometer challenge, where they estimated the number of steps during walking, running, and kangaroo hopping. They enjoyed testing their predictions and repeated these experiments several times. The students then made suggestions of ways they could continue this lesson outside of school. This first report of an international PhUn week confirmed that these events form partnerships among educators and inspire K–12 students to think about becoming scientists.

Re-Designing Contemporary City Blocks: Designing In Favour Of Energy Conservation For A City In Desert: Kerman, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paria Sajadpour
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Hot Arid Climate ◽  
Neighbourhood Scale

In Iran, urban block morphology has changed as a result of the architectural focus shifting away from traditional concerns such as climate-and-energy sensitivity onto issues such as land use, transportation and finance. Current architectural practice while has completely overlooked the architecture of the past, failed to improve the quality of life. The hot, arid climate in combination with non-responsive urban building design has resulted in high energy consumption to keep occupants comfortable. Although it is possible to overcome many of the negative effects of an inefficient design by the use of mechanical systems, this thesis through an architectural response, explores the role of climate sensitive strategies, practiced in the traditional architecture, in recognizing the importance of energy conservation. While it is only at the urban scale that energy-saving strategies could effectively tackle problems, the applicability of these principles will be studied at a neighbourhood scale.

scholarly journals Energetics of the acrobatic courtship in male golden-collared manakins ( Manacus vitellinus )

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1776) ◽  
pp. 20132482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Barske ◽  
L. Fusani ◽  
M. Wikelski ◽  
N. Y. Feng ◽  
M. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Lek Mating ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Courtship Displays

In lek mating systems, females choose mates through indicators of quality, which males may exhibit by their performance of courtship displays. In temperate regions, displaying seasons are brief (one to two months), whereas in the tropics courtship seasons may be prolonged. Moreover, in temperate-breeding animals lekking behaviour can be energetically demanding, but little is known about the energy costs of lekking in tropical animals. Daily, over the course of a nearly seven-month-long breeding season, male golden-collared manakins ( Manacus vitellinus ) of Panamanian rainforests perform acrobatic courtship displays that markedly elevate heart rates, suggesting that they require high energy investment. Typically, animals of tropical lowland forests (such as manakins) exhibit a ‘slow pace of life’ metabolic strategy. We investigated whether male manakin courtship is indeed metabolically costly or whether the birds retain a low daily energy expenditure (DEE), as seen in other tropical species. To assess these questions, we calibrated manakin heart rate against metabolic rate, examined daily lek activity and, using telemetry, obtained heart rates of individual wild, lekking male manakins. Although metabolic rates peak during courtship displays, we found that males actually invest minimal time (only approx. 5 min d −1 ) performing displays. As a consequence, the DEE of approximately 39 kJ d −1 for male manakins is comparable to other lowland tropical species. The short, intense bursts of courtship by these birds make up only approximately 1.2% of their total DEE. Presumably, this cost is negligible, enabling them to perform daily at their arenas for months on end.

scholarly journals High heart rates in hunting harbour porpoises

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1962) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte I. McDonald ◽  
Siri L. Elmegaard ◽  
Mark Johnson ◽  
Danuta M. Wisniewska ◽  
Laia Rojano-Doñate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Record Heart Rate ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates ◽  
Dive Response

The impressive breath-hold capabilities of marine mammals are facilitated by both enhanced O 2 stores and reductions in the rate of O 2 consumption via peripheral vasoconstriction and bradycardia, called the dive response. Many studies have focused on the extreme role of the dive response in maximizing dive duration in marine mammals, but few have addressed how these adjustments may compromise the capability to hunt, digest and thermoregulate during routine dives. Here, we use DTAGs, which record heart rate together with foraging and movement behaviour, to investigate how O 2 management is balanced between the need to dive and forage in five wild harbour porpoises that hunt thousands of small prey daily during continuous shallow diving. Dive heart rates were moderate (median minimum 47–69 bpm) and relatively stable across dive types, dive duration (0.5–3.3 min) and activity. A moderate dive response, allowing for some perfusion of peripheral tissues, may be essential for fuelling the high field metabolic rates required to maintain body temperature and support digestion during diving in these small, continuously feeding cetaceans. Thus, despite having the capacity to prolong dives via a strong dive response, for these shallow-diving cetaceans, it appears to be more efficient to maintain circulation while diving: extreme heart rate gymnastics are for deep dives and emergencies, not everyday use.

Relaxation during the evening and next-morning energy: The role of hassles, uplifts, and heart rate variability during work.

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Stacey L. Parker ◽  
Sabine Sonnentag ◽  
Nerina L. Jimmieson ◽  
Cameron J. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability

Pre-emptive Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Relief in Children – Role of Paracetamol

2009 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Rubina Yasmin ◽  
AKM Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
Paresh Chandra Sarker ◽  
Neaz Ahmed ◽  
Ranadhir Kumar Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Induction Of Anaesthesia

This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Dept. of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care Medicine, BSMMU, Dhaka, during the period of May 2003 to July 2003. The study was done to emphasize the importance of giving analgesics preemptively instead of waiting for the child to complain of pain and to produce smooth recovery after surgery by decreasing immediate postoperative pain in children by a simple, safe acceptable drug. The children scheduled for tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were recruited in this study. The analgesic efficiency of rectal paracetamol in two doses, 25 mg/kg bodywt.(Gr-P25) and 50 mg/kg. bodywt. (Gr-P50) were compared with Diclofenac Sodium suppository 1mg/ kg body weight (Gr-D) given half an hour before induction of anaesthesia. Pain scoring was done by TPPPS (Toddler Pre-schooler postoperative pain scale). Heart rate and blood pressure were stable in Gr-P50 and Gr-D. Time of first demand of analgesic was delayed in Gr-P50 and Gr-D. Total paracetamol consumption in 24 hours was less in Gr-P50(181±14.25) and Gr-D (212±25) than Gr-P25(318± 26.39). Total duration of analgesia in Gr- P50 (657±9.94) mins. and in Gr- D(502±10.63) mins. and in Gr-P25(288±23.17) mins. Pre-emptive high dose rectal paracetamol appears to be more effective than diclofenac sodium suppository for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Journal of BSA, Vol. 18, No. 1 & 2, 2005 p.9-16

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