scholarly journals The neurons that mistook a hat for a face

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Arcaro ◽  
Carlos Ponce ◽  
Margaret Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Object Processing ◽  
Neuronal Recording ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Recognition Of Objects ◽  
Object Relationships

Despite evidence that context promotes the visual recognition of objects, decades of research have led to the pervasive notion that the object processing pathway in primate cortex consists of multiple areas that each process the intrinsic features of a few particular categories (e.g. faces, bodies, hands, objects, and scenes). Here we report that such category-selective neurons do not in fact code individual categories in isolation but are also sensitive to object relationships that reflect statistical regularities of the experienced environment. We show by direct neuronal recording that face-selective neurons respond not just to an image of a face, but also to parts of an image where contextual cues—for example a body—indicate a face ought to be, even if what is there is not a face.

scholarly journals Turing++ Questions: A Test for the Science of (Human) Intelligence

AI Magazine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomaso Poggio ◽  
Ethan Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Turing Test ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Recognition Of Objects ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Widespread Interest

It is becoming increasingly clear that there is an infinite number of definitions of intelligence. Machines that are intelligent in different narrow ways have been built since the 50s. We are entering now a golden age for the engineering of intelligence and the development of many different kinds of intelligent machines. At the same time there is a widespread interest among scientists in understanding a specific and well defined form of intelligence, that is human intelligence. For this reason we propose a stronger version of the original Turing test. In particular, we describe here an open-ended set of Turing++ Questions that we are developing at the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines at MIT — that is questions about an image. Questions may range from what is there to who is there, what is this person doing, what is this girl thinking about this boy and so on.  The plural in questions is to emphasize that there are many different intelligent abilities in humans that have to be characterized, and possibly replicated in a machine, from basic visual recognition of objects, to the identification of faces, to gauge emotions, to social intelligence, to language and much more. The term Turing++ is to emphasize that our goal is understanding human intelligence at all Marr’s levels — from the level of the computations to the level of the underlying circuits. Answers to the Turing++ Questions should thus be given in terms of models that match human behavior and human physiology — the mind and the brain. These requirements are thus well beyond the original Turing test. A whole scientific field that we call the science of (human) intelligence is required to make progress in answering our Turing++ Questions. It is connected to neuroscience and to the engineering of intelligence but also separate from both of them.

scholarly journals A rational approach in the sensory stimuli enhancement for the agnosic

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Ms S. Anitha Jebamani ◽  
Ms R. Divya ◽  
Ms K. Smruthi
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Pulse Sensor ◽  
The World ◽  
Recognition Of Objects ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation

Life in today’s world has become very competitive and challenging. In this ambitious realm, learning, perception, application and expression are vital to every existential being. However, there are a few people around the world who are bereft of these fundamentals of liveli-hood. Agnosia is a disorder that exhibits the diminution of the ability to recognize objects, sounds or other sensory stimuli. It Is sometimes described as ‘perception without meaning’. The victim still has the knowledge of the object or the sound, but is unable to asso-ciate it meaningfully. There are varied dimensions of this disorder including visual, auditory and color agnosia.The aim of our project is to create a mobile application for the subjects of this disorder to be able to improve their recognition of objects, faces, sounds and colors through persistent practice and analysis. Illustrations of persons and objects with their descriptions for visual recognition, along with a verbal guide for identification and perception of sounds, and a color-picker to identify right colors will be equipped for study. Assessment criteria for evaluation of their performance will also be devised to keep in check their improvement, based on which graphical overviews and reports will be generated. A pulse sensor will also be appended to keep the pulse of the victim in check while on assessment. This methodical approach could be efficacious for the progression of sensory perception and recognition in the agno-sic.  

scholarly journals Statistical learning of multiple speech streams: a challenge for monolingual infants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viridiana L. Benitez ◽  
Federica Bulgarelli ◽  
Krista Byers-Heinlein ◽  
Jenny Saffran ◽  
Daniel Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Speech Stream ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Experience Difficulty

Language acquisition depends on the ability to detect and track the distributional properties of speech. Successful acquisition also necessitates detecting changes in those properties, which can occur when the learner encounters different speakers, topics, dialects, or languages. When encountering multiple speech streams with different underlying statistics but overlapping features, how do infants keep track of the properties of each speech stream separately? In four experiments, we tested whether 8-month-old monolingual infants (N = 144) can track the underlying statistics of two artificial speech streams that share a portion of their syllables. We first presented each stream individually. We then presented the two speech streams in sequence, without contextual cues signaling the different speech streams, and subsequently added pitch and accent cues to help learners track each stream separately. The results reveal that monolingual infants experience difficulty tracking the statistical regularities in two speech streams presented sequentially, even when provided with contextual cues intended to facilitate separation of the speech streams. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding how infants learn and separate the input when confronted with multiple statistical structures.

scholarly journals A model of visual recognition and categorization

1997 ◽  
Vol 352 (1358) ◽  
pp. 1191-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimon Edelman ◽  
Sharon Duvdevani-Bar
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Biological Vision ◽  
Recognition Of Objects ◽  
Physiological Studies

To recognize a previously seen object, the visual system must overcome the variability in the object's appearance caused by factors such as illumination and pose. Developments in computer vision suggest that it may be possible to counter the influence of these factors, by learning to interpolate between stored views of the target object, taken under representative combinations of viewing conditions. Daily life situations, however, typically require categorization, rather than recognition, of objects. Due to the open–ended character of both natural and artificial categories, categorization cannot rely on interpolation between stored examples. Nonetheless, knowledge of several representative members, or prototypes, of each of the categories of interest can still provide the necessary computational substrate for the categorization of new instances. The resulting representational scheme based on similarities to prototypes appears to be computationally viable, and is readily mapped onto the mechanisms of biological vision revealed by recent psychophysical and physiological studies.

Context Aversion, Pavlovian Conditioning, and the Psychological Side Effects of Chemotherapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Hall
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Anticipatory Nausea ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Anticipatory Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Parallel Case

Patients who have undergone several sessions of chemotherapy for cancer will sometimes develop anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), these unpleasant side effects occurring as the patients return to the clinic for a further session of treatment. Pavlov's analysis of learning allows that previously neutral cues, such as those that characterize a given place or context, can become associated with events that occur in that context. ANV could thus constitute an example of a conditioned response elicited by the contextual cues of the clinic. In order to investigate this proposal we have begun an experimental analysis of a parallel case in which laboratory rats are given a nausea-inducing treatment in a novel context. We have developed a robust procedure for assessing the acquisition of context aversion in rats given such training, a procedure that shows promise as a possible animal model of ANV. Theoretical analysis of the conditioning processes involved in the formation of context aversions in animals suggests possible behavioral strategies that might be used in the alleviation of ANV, and we report a preliminary experimental test of one of these.

Do You Want to See the Tree? Ignore the Forest

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Poirel ◽  
Claire Sara Krakowski ◽  
Sabrina Sayah ◽  
Arlette Pineau ◽  
Olivier Houdé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Hierarchical Stimuli ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
The One

The visual environment consists of global structures (e.g., a forest) made up of local parts (e.g., trees). When compound stimuli are presented (e.g., large global letters composed of arrangements of small local letters), the global unattended information slows responses to local targets. Using a negative priming paradigm, we investigated whether inhibition is required to process hierarchical stimuli when information at the local level is in conflict with the one at the global level. The results show that when local and global information is in conflict, global information must be inhibited to process local information, but that the reverse is not true. This finding has potential direct implications for brain models of visual recognition, by suggesting that when local information is conflicting with global information, inhibitory control reduces feedback activity from global information (e.g., inhibits the forest) which allows the visual system to process local information (e.g., to focus attention on a particular tree).

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