scholarly journals Single caudate neurons encode temporally discounted value for formulating motivation for action

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Hori ◽  
Koki Mimura ◽  
Yuji Nagai ◽  
Atsushi Fujimoto ◽  
Kei Oyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Caudate Head ◽  
Delay Duration ◽  
Instrumental Task ◽  
Multidimensional Information

The term ‘temporal discounting’ describes both choice preferences and motivation for delayed rewards. Here we show that neuronal activity in the dorsal part of the primate caudate head (dCDh) signals the temporally discounted value needed to compute the motivation for delayed rewards. Macaque monkeys performed an instrumental task, in which visual cues indicated the forthcoming size and delay duration before reward. Single dCDh neurons represented the temporally discounted value without reflecting changes in the animal’s physiological state. Bilateral pharmacological or chemogenetic inactivation of dCDh markedly distorted the normal task performance based on the integration of reward size and delay, but did not affect the task performance for different reward sizes without delay. These results suggest that dCDh is involved in encoding the integrated multidimensional information critical for motivation.

scholarly journals Single caudate neurons encode temporally discounted value for formulating motivation for action

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Hori ◽  
Koki Mimura ◽  
Yuji Nagai ◽  
Atsushi Fujimoto ◽  
Kei Oyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Caudate Head ◽  
Delay Duration ◽  
Instrumental Task ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Multidimensional Information

AbstractTemporal discounting captures both choice preferences and motivation for delayed rewards. While temporally discounted value for choice is represented in brain areas including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the striatum, the neural process of motivation for delayed rewards remains unidentified. Here we show that neuronal activity of the dorsal part of the primate caudate head (dCDh) — a striatal region receiving projection from the DLPFC — signals temporally discounted value essential for computing motivation for delayed rewards. Macaque monkeys performed an instrumental task, in which a visual cue indicated the forthcoming size and delay duration before reward. Single dCDh neurons represented the temporally discounted value without reflecting changes in the animal’s physiological state. Bilateral pharmacological or chemogenetic inactivation of dCDh specifically distorted a normal motivational performance based on the integration of reward size and delay. These results suggest a major contribution of dCDh to encoding a temporally discounted value, the integrated multidimensional information critical for formulating the motivation for action.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Mutual influences between numerical and non-numerical quantities in comparison tasks

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182098187
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hendryckx ◽  
Mathieu Guillaume ◽  
Anthony Beuel ◽  
Amandine Van Rinsveld ◽  
Alain Content
Keyword(s):  
Convex Hull ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Visual Integration ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Quantity Judgment ◽  
Performance Results

Humans possess a numerical intuition that allows them to manipulate large non-symbolic quantities. This ability has been broadly assessed with the help of number comparison tasks involving simultaneously displayed arrays. Many authors pointed out that the manipulation (or the lack thereof) of non-numerical features deeply impacts performance in these tasks, but the specific nature of this influence is not clear. The current study investigates the interaction between numerical and non-numerical quantity judgment tasks. Adult participants performed five distinct comparison tasks, each based on a target dimension: numerosity, total area, dot size, convex hull, and mean occupancy. We manipulated the relation between the target and the other dimensions to measure their respective influence on task performance. Results showed that total area and convex hull substantially affected numerosity comparisons. The number of dots conversely acted as an informative dimension when participants had to make a decision based on the total area or the convex hull. Our results illustrate that adults flexibly use non-target dimensions as visual cues to perform comparison judgments. Overall, this suggests that the influence found in numerical comparison tasks is explicit and deliberate rather than due to implicit visual integration processes.

Cortical and Autonomic Correlates of Visual Selective Attention in Introverted and Extraverted Children

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Althaus ◽  
H. Karin Gomarus ◽  
Albertus A. Wijers ◽  
Lambertus J.M. Mulder ◽  
José L. van Velzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Attention Task

Abstract. We investigated the performance on a selective attention task in two groups of 8- to 12-year-old healthy children being characterized as extraverted and introverted, respectively. During task performance EEG-activity was recorded to investigate differential effects on a specific selection-related potential, the N2b. Cardiac activity was recorded continuously before, during and after task performance. Spectral energy was computed for three distinguishable frequency bands corresponding with a low (LF), mid- (MF), and high-frequency (HF) component in heart rate variability (HRV). The extraverted children were found to show greater perceptual sensitivity in response to irrelevant information. They also exhibited a greater N2b-component while showing significantly greater decreases in, particularly, the LF- and MF-power of HRV during task performance as compared to baseline periods. The magnitude of the N2b and the task-related decreases in LF-power of HRV were found to correlate significantly with the degree of extraversion and task performance, as well as with each other. The findings are discussed in the light of how selective attention and changes in physiological state may be related to the children's temperament.

Intrusive Evaluation of Ambient Displays

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
First Case ◽  
Ambient Displays ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Display Systems

Ambient display is a display, which sits on the peripheral of user’s attention. Currently, the research on ambient displays is still in initial stage, so few evaluation styles are available to evaluate ambient displays. Our previous research (Shen, Eades, Hong, & Moere, 2007) proposed two evaluation styles for ambient displays: Intrusive Evaluation and Non-Intrusive Evaluation. In this journal, we focus on the first style by applying two intrusive evaluation case studies. The first case study compares the performance of three different peripheral display systems on both large and small displays. Our results indicate there is a significant difference on a primary task performance and a peripheral comprehension task between large and small displays. Furthermore, we have found that distraction may be composed by display-distraction and self-interruption, and that animation may only influence the display-distraction. In addition, a measurement of efficiency derived from cognitive science is proposed. The second case study focuses on exploring the correct disruptive order of visual cues (animation, color, area and position). Our results show that the correct disruptive order of visual cues in ambient displays is: animation, color, area and position. Furthermore, we also revealed how display-distraction influences the comprehension of ambient display. In addition, this case study further amended the measurement of efficiency, which was proposed in previous case study, to improve its accuracy.

Intrusive Evaluation of Ambient Displays

2011 ◽  
pp. 240-258
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
First Case ◽  
Ambient Displays ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Display Systems

Ambient display is a display, which sits on the peripheral of user’s attention. Currently, the research on ambient displays is still in initial stage, so few evaluation styles are available to evaluate ambient displays. Our previous research (Shen, Eades, Hong, & Moere, 2007) proposed two evaluation styles for ambient displays: Intrusive Evaluation and Non-Intrusive Evaluation. In this journal, we focus on the first style by applying two intrusive evaluation case studies. The first case study compares the performance of three different peripheral display systems on both large and small displays. Our results indicate there is a significant difference on a primary task performance and a peripheral comprehension task between large and small displays. Furthermore, we have found that distraction may be composed by display-distraction and self-interruption, and that animation may only influence the display-distraction. In addition, a measurement of efficiency derived from cognitive science is proposed. The second case study focuses on exploring the correct disruptive order of visual cues (animation, color, area and position). Our results show that the correct disruptive order of visual cues in ambient displays is: animation, color, area and position. Furthermore, we also revealed how display-distraction influences the comprehension of ambient display. In addition, this case study further amended the measurement of efficiency, which was proposed in previous case study, to improve its accuracy.

scholarly journals Enhancing Collaborative Manipulation Through the Use of Feedback and Awareness in CVEs

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Arturo S. Garcia ◽  
José P. Molina ◽  
Diego Martínez ◽  
Pascual González
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Collaborative Virtual Environments ◽  
Interactive Task ◽  
Community Collaborative

In the research community, Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) developers usually refer to the terms awareness and feedback as something necessary to maintain a fluent collaboration when highly interactive task have to be performed. However, it is remarkable that few studies address the effect that including special kind of awareness has on the task performance and the user experience.This paper proposes how to face the implementation of awareness in order to be taken into account early in the development of a CVE. In addition, it is also described an experiment that was carried out to evaluate the effect of providing some visual cues, showing that users tend to make more mistakes when they are not provided.

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