scholarly journals The subjunctive, a marker of 'subordinance'? A comparison between German and Spanish

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jörg Busch
Keyword(s):  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Contextual Elements ◽  
And Function ◽  
Inflectional Paradigms ◽  
Matrix Verb

<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Moods as inflectional paradigms can only have a very general value and function, similar to other verbal categories such as tense and aspect. A comparison with German shows that the subjunctive functions as a marker of subordination and signals that the proposition in which it stands is incomplete and must be interpreted with the help of other contextual elements, for example the meaning of the main or matrix verb, a characteristic that has also been called procedural. Therefore only the indicative can be used to express independent statements. All the communicative functions of the subjunctive, for example to express politeness, will be explained as a result of its procedural character. The article clarifies why the subjunctive is also used with factual propositions, for example after verbs of emotions and ‘aunque’. (37,402 characters with spaces)</span></p>

scholarly journals COGNITIVE GRAMMAR IN AN ENGLISH CLASSROOM, OR, HOW TO MAKE LIFE FOR RUSSIAN STUDENTS EASIER

2013 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
A. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Grammar Acquisition ◽  
Efl Teacher ◽  
Functional Logic ◽  
English Classroom ◽  
And Function ◽  
Metalinguistic Knowledge

Every EFL teacher who teaches native speakers of Russian knows that the main roadblocks encountered in the classroom pertain to acquisition of articles, prepositions, and grammatical forms of the verb. With regard to articles, the situation is clear: as there are none in Russian, the student needs to understand their role and function in English. It's a bit different with prepositions: even though there are prepositions in Russian, their number and usage in English very often cause confusion. Finally, as far as the so-called tenses go – which are, in fact, tense-aspect forms – many students experience difficulties in developing necessary skills for a simple reason. Being used to the three tenses in Russian (the present, the past, and the future), they are often incapable of understanding the organizational and functional logic of a system which comprises twelve forms in the active voice. With this in mind, the problem of tense acquisition is shown to be rooted in inadequate metalinguistic knowledge pertaining to the meaning and function of the categories of tense and aspect in Russian. Since cognitive structures underlying these grammatical categories are grounded in perceptual experience and are similar in both languages, a cognitive approach, by using the native language as scaffolding, allows the student to benefit from a simple algorithm for choosing a tense in discourse. This radically facilitates grammar acquisition, eliminating many imaginary difficulties. The described approach to instructed tense–aspect acquisition has been successfully used by the author and his disciples and colleagues in educational institutions of different levels for over twenty years, proving to be much more efficient than traditional techniques.

Development of forms and functions of interrogatives in children: a longitudinal study in Tamil

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Children First ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTThe development of the forms and functions of interrogatives in parent-child interaction in the early stages of language acquisition is discussed with illustrative examples from data relating to two Tamil-speaking children and their parents. The analysis of the data reveals that children first acquire and use intonation questions followed byenga‘where’,enna‘what’ andyaari‘who’. Yes/no questions using the interrogative marker-aaare acquired in the next stage when the children are able to use verb endings. Similarly question words that take case markers are acquired in the next stage. It is emphasized that interrogatives serve a multiplicity of communicative functions and are not restricted to the information-seeking role. Children, when they begin to use interrogatives, model their usage of them on the adult behaviour patterns to which they have been exposed, both in terms of form and function.

scholarly journals Die funksionaliteit van die laat twintigsteeeuse kerklied

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Church Music ◽  
General Function ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
And Function ◽  
New Testament Church ◽  
Role And Function ◽  
The Church

The functionality of the late twentieth-century church song In contemporary hymnbooks used by Protestant churches in South Africa, church songs display a variety in style and kind. This article is an attempt to investigate the general function and meaning of the church song. Regarding the nature of the worship service characteristic of the church of today, the following contradictory observation can be made: the contemporary church experiences an apparent liturgical decline yet at the same time a vigorous reform of the church song is taking place. The general modes of the New Testament church, i.e. kerygma, koinonia and leitourgia (see Acts 2:42) can also be applied to the communicative functions of the church song. These modes are also mentioned in the writings of the Reformers, Calvin and Luther, thus providing a Biblical foundation for the role and function of the church song. Several songs included in the new Liedboek van die kerk are used to demonstrate how the modes of kerygma, koinonia and leitourgia influence and determine the function and use of the church song. The conclusion arrived at in this article is that the variety of musical styles present in contemporary church music can only be understood and implemented meaningfully, if liturgicians and members of congregations are aware of the functionality of church music as revealed in the Scriptures.

scholarly journals The Adequacy of Translating Some Temporal Values in the Qur'an

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hassan Sayed Morsy, Ph.D.
Keyword(s):  
Suggested Model ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
Problematic Area ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Given

The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the problem of finding a proper temporal equivalent while conveying the SL (the Qur'an) into the TL (English) suggesting applicable solutions to the problems in question. Arabic and English share the general characteristics of time, tense and aspect, but often formally disagree in the methods of expressing them. This makes the problem of finding proper temporal equivalent arise to the surface during the process of translation. The linguistic concepts of time, tense and aspect are problematic in Arabic in general, and in applying them to the analysis of the Glorious Qur'an in particular. This paper attempts to approach this problematic area and suggests solutions to many temporal problems that translators are likely to face during their translation process e.g. the disagreement between form and function, translating the different categories (variations) of /kaan-a/ 'be', translating the verbs and forms expressing the attributes of Allah and the contextual tenses. This paper adopts Dr. Ali's model used in his thesis by which a translator could identify which tense is much more appropriate to be used in each case. The suggested model differentiates between two types of temporal structures: the surface or form and the deep or function. Comparing the different translations using the given model tables makes the disagreement idea between form and function clear to the reader. The paper concludes, after analyzing the selected verses, that Ghali's and Ali's translations is the most accurate in handling the problems of tenses, followed by Pickthall's comes last. The used model analyzes the given verb to help a translator identify and select the most appropriate temporal equivalent in each analyzed case.

scholarly journals Struggling to retain the functions of passive when translating English thesis abstracts

Pragmatics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nahar Al-Ali ◽  
Fahad M. Alliheibi
Keyword(s):  
Academic Community ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Verbal Nouns ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Arab Students ◽  
Passive Sentence ◽  
Ma Thesis ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Voice

The thesis abstract, as a genre has a set of communicative functions mutually-understood by established members of the academic community. A vast majority of translation studies of source language (SL) and target language (TL) equivalence seems to have overlooked the inherent relationship between form and function when translating. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the Arab students would translate the English passive structures into their corresponding Arabic passive in order to maintain the pragma-generic functions associated with these constructions or would employ other translation replacements when translating English passives into Arabic. A further purpose was to find out what grammatical factors constrain the choice of these translation options. To fulfill these purposes, we investigated the voice choice in 90 MA thesis abstracts and their 90 Arabic translated versions written in English by the same MA students, drawn from the field of Linguistics. The data analysis revealed that when the Arab student-translators come across the English passive sentence, they resort to either of the following options: Transposing English passives into verbal nouns (masdar), or into pseudo-active verbs or active sentence structures, or into vowel melody passives, or omitting these passive structures.

scholarly journals Deletion of autism risk gene Shank3 disrupts prefrontal connectivity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Pagani ◽  
Alice Bertero ◽  
Adam Liska ◽  
Alberto Galbusera ◽  
Mara Sabbioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Cortical Projections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ultrasound Vocalization

AbstractMutations in the synaptic scaffolding protein Shank3 are a major cause of autism, and are associated with prominent intellectual and language deficits. However, the neural mechanisms whereby SHANK3 deficiency affects higher order socio-communicative functions remain unclear. Using high-resolution functional and structural MRI in mice, here we show that loss of Shank3 (Shank3B-/-) results in disrupted local and long-range prefrontal functional connectivity, as well as fronto-striatal decoupling. We document that prefrontal hypo-connectivity is associated with reduced short-range cortical projections density, and reduced gray matter volume. Finally, we show that prefrontal disconnectivity is predictive of social communication deficits, as assessed with ultrasound vocalization recordings. Collectively, our results reveal a critical role of SHANK3 in the development of prefrontal anatomy and function, and suggest that SHANK3 deficiency may predispose to intellectual disability and socio-communicative impairments via dysregulation of higher-order cortical connectivity.

scholarly journals Form and Genre: Translating Procedural Texts in Leviticus

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Wilt
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
And Function

In most translations, the form of procedural texts in Leviticus is represented in the same way as, for example, that of narrative texts. Further, a sentence-by-sentence rendering results in the retaining of numerous repetitions. Both practices poorly represent the genre and function of these texts, as well as impeding their readability. The literary nature of the texts and their communicative functions may be better represented through restructuring and through use of distinctive formatting; I indicate how this might be done for Leviticus 2 and 3.

Gestures Expressed by Children who are Congenitally Deaf-Blind: Topography, Rate, and Function

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 637-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Bruce ◽  
Allison Mann ◽  
Chelsea Jones ◽  
Mary Gavin
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
And Function

This descriptive study examined the topography, rate, and function of gestures expressed by seven children who are congenitally deaf-blind. Participants expressed a total of 44 conventional and idiosyncratic gestures. They expressed 6–13 communicative functions through gestures and 7 functions through a single type of gesture. They also expressed idiosyncratic gestures and used specific gestures for functions other than those that are typically associated with those gestures.

scholarly journals Grammar and Formulaicity in Foreign Language Teaching

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Romuald Gozdawa-Gołębiowsk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Function Words ◽  
The Road ◽  
Modular Concept ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
And Function ◽  
Inflectional Paradigms

There are three general problem areas in the production of native-like language by the foreign learner: lexically based co-occurrence restrictions, inflectional paradigms and function words with little semantic impact. Remedial action can either be rule-based or dictionary-based. This corresponds to two traditionally recognized modes of sentence processing: analytic (with conscious reference to the grammatical system) or holistic (formulaic, where whole chunks are attended to). I argue for the existence of a third, middle-of-the-road strategy, which I tentatively label the "contentive" mode of sentence processing, with the focus on content-bearing individual lexical items.. Contentive processing is a key factor in the modular concept of formulaicity, proposed in this paper. A formula can be thought of as a bundle of opaque features, a recurrent unit, a social token or a morphosyntactic exemplar. This puts a different perspective on language teaching.

Contextual Bricolage and the Founder’s Apprehension in the inter-generational Succession of Small Family Businesses

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Tariq H. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Contextual Elements ◽  
And Function ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Generational Succession ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Basic Statistical Analysis

Small family businesses (SFBs) encounter disruption during the inter-generational succession that has drawn attention to the founder’s apprehension but has overlooked the contextual attention in intensity and inter-contextual interaction. Inter-contextual interaction refers to the combination of two contexts such as actors and place or timing and structure. This article addresses this question to explore the salience of contextual intensity and bricolage between two contexts (e.g. actors and place) through a two-stage method. First, we used qualitative data and codified it, using content analysis. Second, we used quantified content analysis for the intensity and bricolage within and between contextual attention of the founder. We applied the contextual bricolage framework based on five rhetorical contexts as variables. Based on 200 questions used in the 18 in-depth interviews with founders engaged in the process of inter-generation succession, we coded the data along with the interview questions as observations and the contextual elements as the variable, for a descriptive analysis of the themes and inter-contextual bricolage of correlations. The findings of basic statistical analysis for the exploratory purpose show the result in two stages: inter-contextual bricolage of five rhetorical contexts and inter-actor intensity against functions and structures. In the inter-contextual bricolage, function-structure (r = 83 %), actor-structure (r = 81 %), and function-actor (r = 79 %) take the top position in the bricolage. In the inter-actor bricolage vis-à-vis functions and structures, the collective (we), children (they), and the self (I), and the parent (family) show high inter-correlations with functions and structures. Our analysis of this study supports bricolage, identifies inter-contextual bricolage, and highlights the salience of function and structures with actors within and between rhetorical references. Spatial and temporal concerns appear weaker in the SFB succession in Thailand.

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