scholarly journals Variation in partner benefits in a shrimp—sea anemone symbiosis

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Seabird McKeon ◽  
James L. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Close Physical Proximity ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Lineage Divergence ◽  
Partner Benefits

Symbiotic interactions, where two species occur in close physical proximity for the majority of the participants’ lifespans, may constrain the fitness of one or both of the participants. Host choice could result in lineage divergence in symbionts if fitness benefits vary across the interaction with hosts. Symbiotic interactions are common in the marine environment, particularly in the most diverse marine ecosystems: coral reefs. However, the variation in symbiotic interactions that may drive diversification is poorly understood in marine systems. We measured the fecundity of the symbiotic shrimpPericlimenes yucatanicuson two anemone hosts on coral reefs in Panama, and found that while fecundity varies among host species, this variation is explained largely by host size, not species. This suggests that shrimp on larger hosts may have higher fitness regardless of host species, which in turn could drive selection for host choice, a proposed driver of diversification in this group.

scholarly journals Understanding mosquito host-choice behaviour: a new and low-cost method of identifying the sex of human hosts from mosquito blood meals

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Teltscher ◽  
Sophie Bouvaine ◽  
Gabriella Gibson ◽  
Paul Dyer ◽  
Jennifer Guest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Transmission Models ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases are a global health problem, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths per year. Pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes feeding on the blood of an infected host and then feeding on a new host. Monitoring mosquito host-choice behaviour can help in many aspects of vector-borne disease control. Currently, it is possible to determine the host species and an individual human host from the blood meal of a mosquito by using genotyping to match the blood profile of local inhabitants. Epidemiological models generally assume that mosquito biting behaviour is random; however, numerous studies have shown that certain characteristics, e.g. genetic makeup and skin microbiota, make some individuals more attractive to mosquitoes than others. Analysing blood meals and illuminating host-choice behaviour will help re-evaluate and optimise disease transmission models. Methods We describe a new blood meal assay that identifies the sex of the person that a mosquito has bitten. The amelogenin locus (AMEL), a sex marker located on both X and Y chromosomes, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from blood-fed Aedes aegypti and Anopheles coluzzii. Results AMEL could be successfully amplified up to 24 h after a blood meal in 100% of An. coluzzii and 96.6% of Ae. aegypti, revealing the sex of humans that were fed on by individual mosquitoes. Conclusions The method described here, developed using mosquitoes fed on volunteers, can be applied to field-caught mosquitoes to determine the host species and the biological sex of human hosts on which they have blood fed. Two important vector species were tested successfully in our laboratory experiments, demonstrating the potential of this technique to improve epidemiological models of vector-borne diseases. This viable and low-cost approach has the capacity to improve our understanding of vector-borne disease transmission, specifically gender differences in exposure and attractiveness to mosquitoes. The data gathered from field studies using our method can be used to shape new transmission models and aid in the implementation of more effective and targeted vector control strategies by enabling a better understanding of the drivers of vector-host interactions.

Site selection for artificial reefs using a new combine Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) tools for coral reefs in the Kish Island – Persian Gulf

2015 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 92-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Hassan Mousavi ◽  
Afshin Danehkar ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shokri ◽  
Hadi Poorbagher ◽  
Danial Azhdari
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Polyandry enhances offspring survival in an infanticidal species

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Klemme ◽  
Hannu Ylönen
Keyword(s):  
Mating Systems ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Female Counterstrategy ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Genetic Fitness

The adaptive significance of polyandry is an intensely debated subject in sexual selection. For species with male infanticidal behaviour, it has been hypothesized that polyandry evolved as female counterstrategy to offspring loss: by mating with multiple males, females may conceal paternity and so prevent males from killing putative offspring. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first empirical test of this hypothesis in a combined laboratory and field study, and show that multiple mating seems to reduce the risk of infanticide in female bank voles Myodes glareolus . Our findings thus indicate that females of species with non-resource based mating systems, in which males provide nothing but sperm, but commit infanticide, can gain non-genetic fitness benefits from polyandry.

scholarly journals Umbrella species in marine systems: using the endangered humphead wrasse to conserve coral reefs

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Weng ◽  
MW Pedersen ◽  
GA Del Raye ◽  
JE Caselle ◽  
AE Gray
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Umbrella Species ◽  
Marine Systems

scholarly journals Gene buddies: linked balanced polymorphisms reinforce each other even in the absence of epistasis

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Tennessen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptive Variation ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Close Physical Proximity ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Independent Effects

The fates of genetic polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection depend on evolutionary dynamics at linked sites. While coevolution across linked, epigenetically-interacting loci has been extensively explored, such supergenes may be relatively rare. However, genes harboring adaptive variation can occur in close physical proximity while generating independent effects on fitness. Here, I present a model in which two linked loci without epistasis are both under balancing selection for unrelated reasons. Using forward-time simulations, I show that recombination rate strongly influences the retention of adaptive polymorphism, especially for intermediate selection coefficients. A locus is more likely to retain adaptive variation if it is closely linked to another locus under balancing selection, even if the two loci have no interaction. Thus, two linked polymorphisms can both be retained indefinitely even when they would both be lost to drift if unlinked. While these results may be intuitive, they have important implications for genetic architecture: clusters of mutually reinforcing genes may underlie phenotypic variation in natural populations, and such genes cannot be assumed to be functionally associated. Future studies that measure selection coefficients and recombination rates among closely linked genes will be fruitful for characterizing the extent of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Gene buddies: Linked balanced polymorphisms reinforce each other even in the absence of epistasis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A Tennessen
Keyword(s):  
Recombination Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptive Variation ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Close Physical Proximity ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Independent Effects

The fates of genetic polymorphisms maintained by balancing selection depend on evolutionary dynamics at linked sites. While coevolution across linked, epigenetically-interacting loci has been extensively explored, such supergenes may be relatively rare. However, genes harboring adaptive variation can occur in close physical proximity while generating independent effects on fitness. Here, I present a model in which two linked loci without epistasis are both under balancing selection for unrelated reasons. Using forward-time simulations, I show that recombination rate strongly influences the retention of adaptive polymorphism, especially for intermediate selection coefficients. A locus is more likely to retain adaptive variation if it is closely linked to another locus under balancing selection, even if the two loci have no interaction. Thus, two linked polymorphisms can both be retained indefinitely even when they would both be lost to drift if unlinked. Such clusters of mutually reinforcing genes may underlie phenotypic variation in natural populations. Future studies that measure selection coefficients and recombination rates among closely linked genes will be fruitful for characterizing the extent of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Global biogeography of chemosynthetic symbionts reveals both localized and globally distributed symbiont groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (29) ◽  
pp. e2104378118
Author(s):  
Jay T. Osvatic ◽  
Laetitia G. E. Wilkins ◽  
Lukas Leibrecht ◽  
Matthieu Leray ◽  
Sarah Zauner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Marine Bivalves ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Symbiont Species

In the ocean, most hosts acquire their symbionts from the environment. Due to the immense spatial scales involved, our understanding of the biogeography of hosts and symbionts in marine systems is patchy, although this knowledge is essential for understanding fundamental aspects of symbiosis such as host–symbiont specificity and evolution. Lucinidae is the most species-rich and widely distributed family of marine bivalves hosting autotrophic bacterial endosymbionts. Previous molecular surveys identified location-specific symbiont types that “promiscuously” form associations with multiple divergent cooccurring host species. This flexibility of host–microbe pairings is thought to underpin their global success, as it allows hosts to form associations with locally adapted symbionts. We used metagenomics to investigate the biodiversity, functional variability, and genetic exchange among the endosymbionts of 12 lucinid host species from across the globe. We report a cosmopolitan symbiont species, Candidatus Thiodiazotropha taylori, associated with multiple lucinid host species. Ca. T. taylori has achieved more success at dispersal and establishing symbioses with lucinids than any other symbiont described thus far. This discovery challenges our understanding of symbiont dispersal and location-specific colonization and suggests both symbiont and host flexibility underpin the ecological and evolutionary success of the lucinid symbiosis.

scholarly journals Personality differences in the selection of dynamic refugia have demographic consequences for a winter-adapted bird

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1934) ◽  
pp. 20200609
Author(s):  
Amy A. Shipley ◽  
Jennyffer Cruz ◽  
Benjamin Zuckerberg
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Resource Selection ◽  
Bonasa Umbellus ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Inclement Weather ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Linked Selection ◽  
Selection Of

For overwintering species, individuals' ability to find refugia from inclement weather and predators probably confers strong fitness benefits. How animals use their environment can be mediated by their personality (e.g. risk-taking), but does personality mediate how overwintering species select refugia? Snow cover is a dynamic winter characteristic that can influence crypsis or provide below-the-snow refugia. We explored how wintering ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) selected snow roosting sites, a behaviour that reduces stress and cold exposure. We linked selection for approximately 700 roosts with survival of 42 grouse, and showed that grouse generally selected deeper snow and warmer areas. Grouse found in shallow snow were less likely to survive winter. However, individuals that selected deep snow improved their survival, suggesting that demographic consequences of selecting winter refugia are mediated by differences in personality . Our study provides a crucial, and seldom addressed, link between personality in resource selection and resulting demographic consequences.

scholarly journals Evolution of host range in Coleosporium ipomoeae, a plant pathogen with multiple hosts

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (19) ◽  
pp. 5346-5351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Chappell ◽  
Mark D. Rausher
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Community Evolution ◽  
Selection For

Plants and their pathogens coevolve locally. Previous investigations of one host–one pathogen systems have demonstrated that natural selection favors pathogen genotypes that are virulent on a broad range of host genotypes. In the present study, we examine a system consisting of one pathogen species that infects three host species in the morning glory genus Ipomoea. We show that many pathogen genotypes can infect two or three of the host species when tested on plants from nonlocal communities. By contrast, pathogen genotypes are highly host-specific, infecting only one host species, when tested on host species from the local community. This pattern indicates that within-community evolution narrows the host breadth of pathogen genotypes. Possible evolutionary mechanisms include direct selection for narrow host breadth due to costs of virulence and evolution of ipomoea resistance in the host species.

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