Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young adults

Background.The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) software consists of over one-hundred computerized tests based on classic and novel cognitive neuropsychology and behavioral neurology measures. Although the PEBL tests are becoming more widely utilized, there is currently very limited information about the psychometric properties of these measures.Methods.Study I examined inter-relationships among nine PEBL tests including indices of motor-function (Pursuit Rotor and Dexterity), attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance and Time-Wall), working memory (Digit Span Forward), and executive-function (PEBL Trail Making Test, Berg/Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Iowa Gambling Test, and Mental Rotation) in a normative sample (N= 189, ages 18–22). Study II evaluated test–retest reliability with a two-week interest interval between administrations in a separate sample (N= 79, ages 18–22).Results.Moderate intra-test, but low inter-test, correlations were observed and ceiling/floor effects were uncommon. Sex differences were identified on the Pursuit Rotor (Cohen’sd= 0.89) and Mental Rotation (d= 0.31) tests. The correlation between the test and retest was high for tests of motor learning (Pursuit Rotor time on targetr= .86) and attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance response timer= .79), intermediate for memory (digit spanr= .63) but lower for the executive function indices (Wisconsin/Berg Card Sorting Test perseverative errors = .45, Tower of London moves = .15). Significant practice effects were identified on several indices of executive function.Conclusions.These results are broadly supportive of the reliability and validity of individual PEBL tests in this sample. These findings indicate that the freely downloadable, open-source PEBL battery (http://pebl.sourceforge.net) is a versatile research tool to study individual differences in neurocognitive performance.

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Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young-adults

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1331 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Brian J Piper ◽

Shane T Mueller ◽

Alexander R Geerken ◽

Kyle L Dixon ◽

Gregory Kroliczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Mental Rotation ◽

Digit Span ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Limited Information ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Neurobehavioral Function ◽

Pursuit Rotor ◽

Sorting Test

Background. The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) software consists of over one-hundred computerized tests based on classic cognitive neuropsychology and behavioral neurology measures. Although the PEBL tests are becoming more widely utilized, there is currently very limited information about the psychometric properties of these measures. Methods. Study I examined inter-relationships among ten PEBL tests including indices of motor-function (Pursuit Rotor and Dexterity), attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance and Time-Wall), working memory (Digit Span Forward), and executive-function (PEBL Trail Making Test, Berg/Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Iowa Gambling Test, and Mental Rotation) in a normative sample (N = 189, ages 18-22). Study II evaluated test-retest reliability with a two-week interest interval between administrations in a separate sample (N = 79, ages 18-22). Results. Moderate intra-test, but low inter-test, correlations were observed and ceiling/floor effects were uncommon. Sex differences were identified on the Pursuit Rotor (Cohen’s d = 0.89) and Mental Rotation (d = 0.31) tests. The correlation between the test and retest was high for tests of motor learning (Pursuit Rotor time on target r = .86) and attention (Test of Attentional Vigilance response time r = .79), intermediate for memory (digit span r = .63) but lower for the executive function indices (Wisconsin/Berg Card Sorting Test perseverative errors = .45, Tower of London moves = .15). Significant practice effects were identified on several indices of executive function. Conclusions. These results are broadly supportive of the reliability and validity of individual PEBL tests in this sample. These findings indicate that the freely downloadable, open-source, PEBL battery http://pebl.sourceforge.net is a versatile research tool to study individual differences in neurocognitive performance.

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Reliability and validity of neurobehavioral function on the Psychology Experimental Building Language test battery in young-adults

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1331v1 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Brian J Piper ◽

Shane T Mueller ◽

Alexander R Geerken ◽

Kyle L Dixon ◽

Gregory Kroliczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Mental Rotation ◽

Digit Span ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Limited Information ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Neurobehavioral Function ◽

Pursuit Rotor ◽

Sorting Test

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Intact Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance: Implications for the role of executive function in schizophrenia

British Journal of Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1348/014466507x173772 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 361-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bonnie-Jean Thurston-Snoha ◽

Richard R. J. Lewine

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Test Performance ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

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Assessment of executive functions in obese individuals with binge eating disorder

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462010000400011 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 381-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Duchesne Monica ◽

Mattos Paulo ◽

José Carlos Appolinário ◽

Silvia Regina de Freitas ◽

Gabriel Coutinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorder ◽

Binge Eating ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Binge Eating Disorder ◽

Digit Span ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Trail Making ◽

Program Test ◽

Sorting Test

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess executive functions of obese individuals with binge eating disorder. METHOD: Thirty-eight obese individuals with binge eating disorder were compared to thirty-eight obese controls without binge eating disorder in terms of their executive functions. All individuals were assessed using the following instruments: Digit Span, Trail Making Tests A and B, Stroop Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In addition, four subtests from the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome Battery were also used, namely the Zoo Map Test, the Modified Six Elements Test, the Action Program Test and the Rule Shift Cards Test. RESULTS: When compared to obese controls, obese individuals with binge eating disorder presented significant impairment in the following tests: Digit Span backward, Zoo Map Test, Modified Six Elements Test, and Action Program Test. Subjects with binge eating disorder also showed significant more set shifting and perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In other measures such as the Digit Span Forward, the Trail Making Test, the Stroop Test and the Rule Shift Cards Test, obese subjects with binge eating disorder did not differ significantly from obese subjects without binge eating disorder. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, in the present sample, obese individuals with binge eating disorder presented executive deficits, especially impairments relating to problem-solving, cognitive flexibility and working memory.

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Is executive function distinguishing schizophrenia from bipolar disorder?

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73124-8 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 1419-1419

Author(s):

M.R. Khodaee ◽

M.K. Derakhshan ◽

A. Khodabakhshi Kooalee

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Educational Status ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Bipolar Type ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

ObjectivesThere is an evidence for differential executive function in bipolar type 1 disorder (B1D) and schizophrenia that may tend different cognitive deficits and abnormalities. The objective of this study was to compare the executive function of B1D and schizophrenic patients.MethodWe studied 50 patients with B1D, and 50 schizophrenic participants. All participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) of the Persian version. The participants were match in three basic variables which had most contributions in cognitive conditions in patients. They were Age, educational status and period of illness.ResultsThe two patient groups had compared performance on the WCST. In the WCST, schizophrenic patients showed impairment executive function more than B1D patients.ConclusionsFindings indicated that schizophrenic patients had more dysfunctions executive function than the Bipolar type 1 disorder patients. Although, both disorders may show the impairment in executive function, but the dysfunction in schizophrenia greater than bipolar type 1disorder patients.

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Study investigating executive function in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings

10.21203/rs.2.17698/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Feifei Xu ◽

Kongliang He ◽

Xiaomeng Bai ◽

Lu Wang ◽

Guixian Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Total Error ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Perseverative Error ◽

Intermediate Phenotypes ◽

Perseverative Response ◽

Executive Impairment ◽

Sorting Test

Abstract Background: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious genetic mental illness. Most research indicates that executive impairment has a certain genetic predisposition. The shared neuropathological characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and their siblings might reveal intermediate phenotypes in behavior that could be used to further characterize the illness. Methods: Our study involved 32 schizophrenia patients, 32 unaffected siblings,and 33 healthy controls. The three groups underwent a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and a battery of cognitive neuropsychological assessments. These tests evaluated executive function and several cognitive domains. Results: In this study, the WCST results demonstrate that the total correct (TC), total error (TE), perseverative response (PR) and perseverative error (PE) scores in the SZ group were significantly lower than those in the HC group (TC (p=0.011), TE (p<0.001), PR (p=0.007) and PE (p=0.002)), and compared to the unaffected siblings, we found significant differences in TE (p=0.003). Moreover, significant differences were observed between the unaffected siblings and healthy controls as follows: TC (p=0.034), TE (p=0.008), PR (p=0.016) and PE (p=0.013). Conclusion: The schizophrenia patients and their siblings performed worse in the WCST test than the healthy controls. This result supports the claim that the development of functional impairment is not unique to schizophrenia patients and that unaffected siblings may have a certain level of abnormal brain function.Neurological abnormalities lead to abnormal functioning in siblings and patients,suggesting that genetics plays a considerable role in such results.

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Lack of executive function deficits among adult ADHD individuals from a Brazilian clinical sample

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/s1980-57642009dn30100007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 34-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eloisa Saboya ◽

Gabriel Coutinho ◽

Daniel Segenreich ◽

Vanessa Ayrão ◽

Paulo Mattos

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Digit Span ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Executive Function Deficits

Abstract Executive function deficits have been previously documented in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Objective: The current study aimed to compare measures of executive functions among a clinical sample of adults with ADHD and normal control subjects, matched for age, gender and education. Methods: Twenty-three self-referred adults diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria, and twenty-five control subjects were assessed using a neuropsychological battery which included the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of Hanoi, Digit Span, Trail Making Test (A and B), Stroop Test and Raven's Progressive Matrices. Results: The ADHD group did not differ significantly from the control subjects on any of the measures assessed. Conclusion: Measures of executive functions using this test battery were unable to discriminate between adults with ADHD and control subjects in this clinical sample.

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Unique and shared components of executive function as measured by the Wisconsin card sorting test and the Halstead categories test Woodruff, G. R., & Dickson, A. L.

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1016/s0887-6177(97)83739-0 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 431-432

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

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Assessment of Executive Function in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury with the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10100699 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 699

Author(s):

Lizzette Gómez-de-Regil

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Executive Function ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Case Series ◽

The United States ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

This review aimed at providing a brief and comprehensive summary of recent research regarding the use of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) to assess executive function in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A bibliographical search, performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and PsycInfo, targeted publications from 2010 to 2020, in English or Spanish. Information regarding the studies’ designs, sample features and use of the WCST scores was recorded. An initial search eliciting 387 citations was reduced to 47 relevant papers. The highest proportion of publications came from the United States of America (34.0%) and included adult patients (95.7%). Observational designs were the most frequent (85.1%), the highest proportion being cross-sectional or case series studies. The average time after the occurrence of the TBI ranged from 4 to 62 years in single case studies, and from 6 weeks up to 23.5 years in the studies with more than one patient. Four studies compared groups of patients with TBI according to the severity (mild, moderate and/or severe), and in two cases, the studies compared TBI patients with healthy controls. Randomized control trials were seven in total. The noncomputerized WCST version including 128 cards was the most frequently used (78.7%). Characterization of the clinical profile of participants was the most frequent purpose (34.0%). The WCST is a common measure of executive function in patients with TBI. Although shorter and/or computerized versions are available, the original WCST with 128 cards is still used most often. The WCST is a useful tool for research and clinical purposes, yet a common practice is to report only one or a few of the possible scores, which prevents further valid comparisons across studies. Results might be useful to professionals in the clinical and research fields to guide them in assessment planning and proper interpretation of the WCST scores.

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