scholarly journals Regional fresh snowfall microbiology and chemistry are driven by geography in storm-tracked events, Colorado, USA

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Honeyman ◽  
Maria L. Day ◽  
John R. Spear
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Storm Tracking ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
In Silico Models ◽  
Biological Component

Snowfall is a global phenomenon highly integrated with hydrology and ecology. Forays into studying bioaerosols and their dependence on aeolian movement are largely constrained to either precipitation-independent analyses or in silico models. Though snowpack and glacial microbiological studies have been conducted, little is known about the biological component of meteoric snow. Through culture-independent phylogenetic and geochemical analyses, we show that the geographical location at which snow precipitates determines snowfall’s geochemical and microbiological composition. Storm-tracking, furthermore, can be used as a valuable environmental indicator to trace down what factors are influencing bioaerosols. We estimate annual aeolian snowfall deposits of up to ∼10 kg of bacterial/archaeal biomass per hectare along our study area of the eastern Front Range in Colorado. The dominant kinds of microbiota captured in an analysis of seven snow events at two different locations, one urban, one rural, across the winter of 2016/2017 included phylaProteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes, andAcidobacteria, though a multitude of different kinds of organisms were found in both. Taxonomically,Bacteroideteswere more abundant in Golden (urban plain) snow whileProteobacteriawere more common in Sunshine (rural mountain) samples. Chemically, Golden snowfall was positively correlated with some metals and anions. The work also hints at better informing the “everything is everywhere” hypotheses of the microbial world and that atmospheric transport of microbiota is not only common, but is capable of disseminating vast amounts of microbiota of different physiologies and genetics that then affect ecosystems globally. Snowfall, we conclude, is a significant repository of microbiological material with strong implications for both ecosystem genetic flux and general bio-aerosol theory.

scholarly journals Fresh Snowfall Microbiology and Chemistry are Driven by Geography in Storm-Tracked Events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honeyman A. S. ◽  
Day M.L. ◽  
Spear J.R.
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

AbstractSnowfall is a global phenomenon highly integrated with hydrology and ecology. Forays into studying bioaerosols and their dependence on aeolian movement are largely constrained to either precipitation-independent analyses orin-silicomodels. Though snowpack and glacial microbiological studies have been conducted, little is known about the biological component of meteoric snow. Through culture-independent phylogenetic and geochemical analyses, we show that the geographical location at which snow precipitates determines snowfall’s geochemical and microbiological composition. Storm-tracking, furthermore, can be used as a valuable environmental indicator to trace down what factors are influencing bioaerosols. We estimate annual deposits of up to ~10 kg of bacterial / archaeal biomass per hectare along our study area of the eastern Front Range in Colorado. The dominant kinds of microbiota captured in an analysis of seven snow events at two different locations, one urban, one rural, across the winter of 2016/2017 included phylaProteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,FirmicutesandAcidobacteria, though a multitude of different kinds of organisms were found in both. Taxonomically,Bacteroideteswere more abundant in Golden (urban plain) snow whileProteobacteriawere more common in Sunshine (rural mountain) samples. Chemically, Golden snowfall was positively correlated with some metals and anions. The work also hints at better informing the ‘everything is everywhere’ hypotheses of the microbial world and that atmospheric transport of microbiota is not only common, but is capable of disseminating vast amounts of microbiota of different physiologies and genetics that then affect ecosystems globally. Snowfall, we conclude, is a significant repository of microbiological material with strong implications for both ecosystem genetic flux and general bio-aerosol theory.ImportanceSnowfall is commonplace to the temperate and polar regions of the world. As an interface between the atmosphere, hydrosphere and earth, snow is responsible for high annual deposits of moisture globally, and, can serve as a ‘water bank’ in the form of both permanent snow fields and glaciers. Essential to general ecosystem function, snow can also be considered a transporter of aerosolized material. Given the magnitude of microbiota deposited by snowfall, which we report, it is likely that biological material within snowfall, with its geochemical underpinning— and the associated genetic banks—have significant downstream ecological effects.Understanding what is contained in snowfall becomes especially urgent in a warming climate where high-impact meteorological and ecological changes are imminent and likely. With climate-induced changes to snowfall patterns, surface ecosystems are likely to be impacted by ensuing changes in microbiota deposition. Thus, the ecosystem function of soils, rock and surface waters are also likely to be impacted; these changes, in turn, greatly influence agriculture, weathering and infrastructure.

The First German Occupation in the Bryansk Region in 1918

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11 (109)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Leonty Lannik
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Great War

Military actions on the Eastern front of the Great War were restarted on February 18th, 1918, but were not finished with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signment. By middle ofMay, the zone of the First German occupation was expanded also to a number of territories recognized by the Central Powers as belonging to Soviet Russia. After a series of battles in April some areas of the modern Bryansk region were set under the German occupation for the next few months. This period in the history of the region has clearly received insufficient attention from researchers. The favourable geographical location and the access to an important railway infrastructure caused that the Bryansk Region had a crucial importance for German attempts to stabilize the occupation regime in Ukraine. Steady and often illegal flows of migration and smuggling have begun to develop. Extremely important for the occupiers were also different raw resources and food supply. That led to increased exploitation by German troops and hence the growth of the insurgency. Despite the extremely difficult military situation of Soviet Russia in summer 1918 and the risk of untimely provocation on the demarcation line, activities by the troops of the Western curtain of the Red Army near the Bryansk increased gradually. By the mid-autumn of 1918, the Bryansk Region had acquired the significance of a springboard for future military operations for all parties claiming control of both Belarus and Ukraine. In the specific military-political situation after the Compiegne armistice, control of the region's railways played a key role both in the Red Army's offensive in Ukraine in the winter of 1918—1919 and in the relatively successful evacuation of the German occupation forces from army group “Kiev” and the 10th army.

scholarly journals Regional pollution potentials of megacities and other major population centers

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 3969-3987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Lawrence ◽  
T. M. Butler ◽  
J. Steinkamp ◽  
B. R. Gurjar ◽  
J. Lelieveld
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Regional Pollution

Abstract. Megacities and other major population centers represent large, concentrated sources of anthropogenic pollutants to the atmosphere, with consequences for both local air quality and for regional and global atmospheric chemistry. The tradeoffs between the regional buildup of pollutants near their sources versus long-range export depend on meteorological characteristics which vary as a function of geographical location and season. Both horizontal and vertical transport contribute to pollutant export, and the overall degree of export is strongly governed by the lifetimes of pollutants. We provide a first quantification of these tradeoffs and the main factors influencing them in terms of "regional pollution potentials", metrics based on simulations of representative tracers using the 3-D global model MATCH (Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry). The tracers have three different lifetimes (1, 10, and 100 days) and are emitted from 36 continental large point sources. Several key features of the export characteristics emerge. For instance, long-range near-surface pollutant export is generally strongest in the middle and high latitudes, especially for source locations in Eurasia, for which 17–34% of a tracer with a 10-day lifetime is exported beyond 1000 km and still remains below 1 km altitude. On the other hand, pollutant export to the upper troposphere is greatest in the tropics, due to transport by deep convection, and for six source locations, more than 50% of the total mass of the 10-day lifetime tracer is found above 5 km altitude. Furthermore, not only are there order of magnitude interregional differences, such as between low and high latitudes, but also often substantial intraregional differences, which we discuss in light of the regional meteorological characteristics. We also contrast the roles of horizontal dilution and vertical mixing in reducing the pollution buildup in the regions including and surrounding the sources. For some regions such as Eurasia, dilution due to long-range horizontal transport governs the local and regional pollution buildup; however, on a global basis, differences in vertical mixing are dominant in determining the pollution buildup both around and further downwind of the source locations.

scholarly journals Oil Well Fordacos – Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Serge-B. Adiko ◽  
Ruslan. A. Kemalov
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Geochemical Analyses ◽  
Lower Coastal Plain ◽  
Delta Sediments

 In this article we will touch upon one of the most important oil region in Africa, the Niger Delta, it is located in southern Nigeria, with an area of about 292,407.m2 Niger Delta knows how geological feature, offer huge reserves of hydrocarbons. The stratigraphic sequence of the Niger Delta consists of three broad lithostratigraphically. Units and its geochemical analyses of rocks have shown that clays from the lower coastal plain, marine Delta sediments (prodelta) and completely marine areas can be enriched with both terrestrial plant material and non-structural organic matter. That is an indicator of wealth.Forcados (forcados) in the Niger Delta province and follow plays a crucial role in the Nigerian economy and the world oil exchange. Forkados field, its physical and geographical location, Characteristics, molar and mass content of oil composition   

The Microbiome: A Reservoir to Discover New Antimicrobials Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1291-1299
Author(s):  
Sébastien Boutin ◽  
Alexander H. Dalpke
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Nature offered mankind the first golden era of discovery of novel antimicrobials based on the ability of eukaryotes or micro-organisms to produce such compounds. The microbial world proved to be a huge reservoir of such antimicrobial compounds which play important functional roles in every environment. However, most of those organisms are still uncultivable in a classical way, and therefore, the use of extended culture or DNA based methods (metagenomics) to discover novel compounds promises usefulness. In the past decades, the advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics revealed the enormous diversity of the microbial worlds and the functional repertoire available for studies. Thus, data-mining becomes of particular interest in the context of the increased need for new antibiotics due to antimicrobial resistance and the rush in antimicrobial discovery. In this review, an overview of principles will be presented to discover new natural compounds from the microbiome. We describe culture-based and culture-independent (metagenomic) approaches that have been developed to identify new antimicrobials and the input of those methods in the field as well as their limitations.

scholarly journals Regional pollution potentials of megacities and other major population centers

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 13323-13366 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Lawrence ◽  
T. M. Butler ◽  
J. Steinkamp ◽  
B. R. Gurjar ◽  
J. Lelieveld
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Western India ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Regional Pollution

Abstract. Megacities and other major population centers represent important, concentrated sources of anthropogenic pollutants to the atmosphere, with consequences for both local air quality and for regional and global atmospheric chemistry. The tradeoff between the regional buildup of pollutants near their sources versus long-range export depends on meteorological characteristics which vary as a function of geographical location and season. Both horizontal and vertical transport contribute to pollutant export, and the overall degree of export is strongly governed by the chemical lifetimes of pollutants. We provide a first quantification of this tradeoff and the main factors influencing it in terms of "regional pollution potentials", metrics based on simulations of artificial, representative tracers using the 3-D global model MATCH (Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry). The tracers have three different lifetimes (1, 10, and 100 days) and are emitted from 36 continental point sources representing the 30 current largest cities around the world plus 6 additional major population centers. Several key features of the export characteristics emerge: 1) long-range near-surface pollutant export is generally strongest in the middle and high latitudes, especially for source locations in Eurasia; 2) on the other hand, pollutant export to the upper troposphere is greatest in the tropics, due to transport by deep convection; 3) not only are there order of magnitude interregional differences, such as between low and high latitudes, but also often substantial intraregional differences, for instance between the sources in western India and Pakistan versus eastern India and Bangladesh; 4) contrary to what one might initially expect, efficient long-range export does not necessarily correspond with a more significant dilution of pollutants near their source, rather the amount of low-level, long-range export (e.g., below 1 km and beyond 1000 km) is well-correlated with exceedences of surface density thresholds on regional scales near the source (e.g., within ~1000 km), implying that pollutant buildup to high densities in the surface layer of the region surrounding the source location is more strongly influenced by vertical than horizontal transport.

scholarly journals Community Analysis of a Mercury Hot Spring Supports Occurrence of Domain-Specific Forms of Mercuric Reductase

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8836-8845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Simbahan ◽  
Elizabeth Kurth ◽  
James Schelert ◽  
Amanda Dillman ◽  
Etsuko Moriyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Mercury Resistance ◽  
Mercuric Reductase ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Independent Analysis ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Geochemical Analyses

ABSTRACT Mercury is a redox-active heavy metal that reacts with active thiols and depletes cellular antioxidants. Active resistance to the mercuric ion is a widely distributed trait among bacteria and results from the action of mercuric reductase (MerA). Protein phylogenetic analysis of MerA in bacteria indicated the occurrence of a second distinctive form of MerA among the archaea, which lacked an N-terminal metal recruitment domain and a C-terminal active tyrosine. To assess the distribution of the forms of MerA in an interacting community comprising members of both prokaryotic domains, studies were conducted at a naturally occurring mercury-rich geothermal environment. Geochemical analyses of Coso Hot Springs indicated that mercury ore (cinnabar) was present at concentrations of parts per thousand. Under high-temperature and acid conditions, cinnabar may be oxidized to the toxic form Hg2+, necessitating mercury resistance in resident prokaryotes. Culture-independent analysis combined with culture-based methods indicated the presence of thermophilic crenarchaeal and gram-positive bacterial taxa. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis provided quantitative data for community composition. DNA sequence analysis of archaeal and bacterial merA sequences derived from cultured pool isolates and from community DNA supported the hypothesis that both forms of MerA were present. Competition experiments were performed to assess the role of archaeal merA in biological fitness. An essential role for this protein was evident during growth in a mercury-contaminated environment. Despite environmental selection for mercury resistance and the proximity of community members, MerA retains the two distinct prokaryotic forms and avoids genetic homogenization.

scholarly journals Culturable bacteria isolated from seven high-altitude ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (249) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONGQIN LIU ◽  
JOHN C. PRISCU ◽  
TANDONG YAO ◽  
TRISTA J. VICK-MAJORS ◽  
ALEXANDER B. MICHAUD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
New Information ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Glacier Ice

ABSTRACTMicroorganisms are the most abundant organisms on Earth, and microbial abundance records preserved in ice cores have been connected to records of environmental change. As an alternative to high resolution abundance records, which can be difficult to recover, we used culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to examine bacteria in glacier ice from the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We recovered a total of 887 bacterial isolates from ice cores of up to 164 m in depth retrieved from seven glaciers, located across the TP. These isolates were related to 53 genera in theActinobacteria,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes, andProteobacteria, with 13 major genera accounting for 78% of isolates. Most of the genera were common across the geographic region covered by our sampling, but there were differences in the genera recovered from different depths in the ice, with the deepest portions of the ice cores dominated by a single genus (Sporosarcina). Because microorganisms deposited on glaciers must survive atmospheric transport under a range of temperatures, temperature tolerance should be an important survival mechanism. We tested isolate growth across a range of temperatures (0–35 °C), and found psychrotolerance to be common. Together, our results show that ice depth, and by extension age, are characterized by different types of microorganisms, providing new information about microbial records in ice.

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