scholarly journals PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN A FORM OF DISCOUNTS: CATEGORIZATION AND IMPACT ON COMPETITION

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Dar`ya Cherednichenko
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Exclusive Dealing ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Economy Of Scale ◽  
Threshold Distribution ◽  
Total Welfare ◽  
Stimulation Of

This paper is aimed to clarify the definition and categorization of discounts as well as pro- and anticompetitive effects of discounts. The author applied qualitative methods to the research. The modern literature review unfolds the gap of proper discounts definition, which is proposed to be covered by five-dimensions approach to discounts categorization. Based on such aspects of discount scheme as time, product, threshold, distribution level and customer, the approach provides comprehensive and uniform characteristics of discount. It allows assessing effects of competition, which are classified in two groups. Pro-competitive effects include stimulation of demand, decreasing cost due to economy of scale, solving coordination problems within a supply chain. Anti-competitive effects encompass predation scheme, raising rival’s cost, exclusive dealing, leverage and exclusionary bundling. The importance of correct assessment of the discounts by antitrust authorities is high as an overenforcement in this sphere may lead to adverse effect on total welfare.

scholarly journals A bipartite thermodynamic-kinetic contribution by an activating mutation to RDF-independent excision by a phage serine integrase

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 6413-6430
Author(s):  
Hsiu-Fang Fan ◽  
Bo-Yu Su ◽  
Chien-Hui Ma ◽  
Paul A Rowley ◽  
Makkuni Jayaram
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Activating Mutation ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Synaptic Complexes ◽  
Serine Integrase ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Streptomyces phage ϕC31 integrase (Int)—a large serine site-specific recombinase—is autonomous for phage integration (attP x attB recombination) but is dependent on the phage coded gp3, a recombination directionality factor (RDF), for prophage excision (attL x attR recombination). A previously described activating mutation, E449K, induces Int to perform attL x attR recombination in the absence of gp3, albeit with lower efficiency. E449K has no adverse effect on the competence of Int for attP x attB recombination. Int(E449K) resembles Int in gp3 mediated stimulation of attL x attR recombination and inhibition of attP x attB recombination. Using single-molecule analyses, we examined the mechanism by which E449K activates Int for gp3-independent attL x attR recombination. The contribution of E449K is both thermodynamic and kinetic. First, the mutation modulates the relative abundance of Int bound attL-attR site complexes, favoring pre-synaptic (PS) complexes over non-productively bound complexes. Roughly half of the synaptic complexes formed from Int(E449K) pre-synaptic complexes are recombination competent. By contrast, Int yields only inactive synapses. Second, E449K accelerates the dissociation of non-productively bound complexes and inactive synaptic complexes formed by Int. The extra opportunities afforded to Int(E499K) in reattempting synapse formation enhances the probability of success at fruitful synapsis.

scholarly journals Intertemporal Price Discrimination in Storable Goods Markets

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 2722-2751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igal Hendel ◽  
Aviv Nevo
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Intertemporal Price Discrimination ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Future Consumption ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Welfare

We study intertemporal price discrimination when consumers can store for future consumption needs. We offer a simple model of demand dynamics, which we estimate using market-level data. Optimal pricing involves temporary price reductions that enable sellers to discriminate between price sensitive consumers, who stockpile for future consumption, and less price-sensitive consumers, who do not stockpile. We empirically quantify the impact of intertemporal price discrimination on profits and welfare. We find that sales (i) capture 25–30 percent of the gap between non-discriminatory profits and (unattainable) third-degree price discrimination profits, (ii) increase total welfare, and (iii) have a modest impact on consumer welfare. (JEL D11, D12, L11, L12, L81)

Further Data on Effects of Aggressive Activation and Symbiotic Merging on Ego Functioning of Schizophrenics

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd H. Silverman ◽  
Peter Candell ◽  
Tupper F. Pettit ◽  
Elizabeth A. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Ego Functioning ◽  
Stimulation Of

This study reported further data on the effects of subliminally presented aggressive and symbiotic stimuli on the ego functioning of schizophrenics. The main positive findings were that the aggressive stimulus had an adverse effect on self-concept while the stimulation of the theme of symbiotic merging, as it had in earlier experiments, led to a reduction in pathological manifestations.

scholarly journals Has the conduct-based approach to competition law in South Africa led to consistent interpretations of harm to competition?

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-304
Author(s):  
Ryan Hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Competitive Effect ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Competitive Action ◽  
Economic Foundations

The Competition Act and certain recent decisions by the competition authorities are examined here to assess the extent to which South Africa’s conduct-based approach to competition law has led to consistent outcomes in the assessment of effects on competition. This has not been the case in the assessment of anti-competitive effects among customers or resellers when a supplier accused of an anti-competitive action does not compete with its customers. An anti-competitive effect among customers or resellers is treated as anti-competitive when it arises from some form of conduct, such as price discrimination. However, it is not seen as anti-competitive when it arises from a refusal to supply, for example. Possible reasons for South Africa’s conduct-based approach and this inconsistent outcome in the assessment of competition among customers and resellers, including the economic foundations of the relevant approaches and their relationship with competition law in other jurisdictions, are assessed. 

WHEN ALTRUISM LOWERS TOTAL WELFARE

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH S. CORTS
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
Selfish Agents ◽  
Total Welfare

Ethical theories grounded in utilitarianism suggest that social welfare is improved when agents seek to maximize others' welfare in addition to their own (i.e., are altruistic). However, I use a simple game-theoretic model to demonstrate two shortcomings of this argument. First, altruistic preferences can generate coordination problems where none exist for selfish agents. Second, when agents care somewhat about others' utility but weight their own more highly, total social welfare may be lower than with selfish agents even in the absence of coordination problems.

7. Article 102 TFEU: Conduct Which Can Be an Abuse

2019 ◽  
pp. 359-581
Author(s):  
Alison Jones ◽  
Brenda Sufrin ◽  
Niamh Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Exclusive Dealing ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Article 102 Tfeu ◽  
The Eu

This chapter discusses the difficult concept of what constitutes an ‘abuse’ of a dominant position for the purposes of Article 102 and whether conduct should be condemned on account of the form it takes or only for its effects. It considers the case law of the EU Courts, the decisional practice of the Commission, and the Commission’s Guidance Paper on enforcement priorities, and the problem of distinguishing competition on the merits from illegimate conduct. The chapter looks at the different classifications of abuse, particularly exclusionary and exploitative abuses; the distinction between form- and effects-based approaches to types of abuse; the leveraging of market power between distinct markets as a theory of harm; the objective justification defence; and general issues in respect of abuses concerning prices, including the ‘as efficient competitor’ test. The chapter then examines the application of Article 102 to various forms of conduct, including: price discrimination; predatory pricing; selective low pricing; margin squeeze; exclusive dealing;; tying and bundling; refusal to supply; self-preferencing; malicious pursuit of legal proceedings; ‘regulatory gaming’; discrimination abuses; unfairly high and low pricing; hindering inter-Member State trade; and more novel claimed abuses within the digital economy.

Technological Proximity and Exclusive Buyer-Supplier Relationships

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysovalantou Milliou
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Investment Incentives ◽  
Exclusive Dealing ◽  
Supplier Relationships ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Total Welfare

Abstract This paper provides a new rationale for why some final product manufacturers develop exclusive relationships with their input suppliers, highlighting the role of investment incentives. It shows that exclusivity can encourage firms' investments in tailoring their technologies to their trading partners. This holds both for the buyer's and the supplier's investments. Furthermore, this paper argues against claims that exclusive dealing agreements are detrimental to welfare by demonstrating that their positive impact on efficiency translates into both higher consumers' surplus and total welfare.

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