An Epidemiological Analysis of Risk Factors of Cerebrovascular Disease(The First Report) : Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting on risk factors according to location of the intracerebral hemorrhage.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for cohort and case-control studies reporting ≥100 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage that specified the location of the hematoma and reported associations with risk factors published until June 27, 2019. Two authors independently extracted data on risk factors. Estimates were pooled with the generic variance-based random-effects method.ResultsAfter screening 10,013 articles, we included 42 studies totaling 26,174 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (9,141 lobar and 17,033 nonlobar). Risk factors for nonlobar intracerebral hemorrhage were hypertension (risk ratio [RR] 4.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.05–5.91, I2 = 92%), diabetes mellitus (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.11–1.64, I2 = 37%), male sex (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.25–2.14, I2 = 61%), alcohol overuse (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21–1.81, I2 = 19%), underweight (RR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12–4.01, I2 = 31%), and being a Black (RR 2.83, 95% CI 1.02-7.84, I2 = 96%) or Hispanic (RR 2.95, 95% CI 1.69-5.14, I2 = 71%) participant compared with being a White participant. Hypertension, but not any of the other risk factors, was also a risk factor for lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.39–2.42, I2 = 76%). Smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity were associated with neither nonlobar nor lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.ConclusionsHypertension is a risk factor for both nonlobar and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage, although with double the effect for nonlobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Diabetes mellitus, male sex, alcohol overuse, underweight, and being a Black or Hispanic person are risk factors for nonlobar intracerebral hemorrhage only. Hence, the term hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage for nonlobar intracerebral hemorrhage is not appropriate.

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The Pathophysiological Mechanism and Treatment of Secondary Brain Insult of Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Integrative Medicine International ◽

10.1159/000481728 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3-4) ◽

pp. 107-114

Author(s):

Chuanhe Sun ◽

Weilong Liao ◽

Wenfei Jiang ◽

Penglin Gao ◽

Weidong Pan

Keyword(s):

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Cerebrovascular Disease ◽

Clinical Treatment ◽

Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽

Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽

Depth Study ◽

Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) is a type of acute cerebrovascular disease with high rates of incidence, mortality, and disability, and is a cause of more frequent instances of secondary brain insult (SBI). In-depth study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of SBI in HICH contributes to its clinical treatment and prognosis. This article presents a brief summary of the pathophysiological mechanism and treatment of SBI after HICH.

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Risk factors for mental disorders in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage following neurosurgical treatment

Journal of the Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.021 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 341 (1-2) ◽

pp. 128-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fei Li ◽

Qian-Xue Chen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Neurosurgical Treatment ◽

Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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The Spectrum of Cerebrovascular Disease and Associated Cognitive Decline

The Oxford Handbook of Adult Cognitive Disorders ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190664121.013.27 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 574-599

Author(s):

Victoria J. Williams ◽

Steven E. Arnold ◽

David H. Salat

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cerebrovascular Disease ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Vascular Dementia ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Vascular Risk Factors ◽

Vascular Health ◽

Vascular Risk ◽

And Function

Throughout the lifespan, common variations in systemic health and illness contribute to alterations in vasculature structure and function throughout the body, significantly increasing risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). CVD is a prevalent cause of mortality in late life; it also promotes brain alterations, contributing to cognitive decline and, when severe, vascular dementia. Even prior to diseased states, individual variation in CVD risk is associated with structural and functional brain alterations. Yet, how cumulative asymptomatic alterations in vessel structure and function contribute to more subtle changes in brain tissue integrity and function that emerge in late life is unclear. Finally, vascular risk factors are associated with the clinical progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, recent theory posits that vascular degeneration may serve a contributory role in these conditions. This chapter reviews how lifespan changes in vascular health contribute to degenerative changes in neural tissue and the subsequent development of cognitive impairment and/or vascular dementia. It first discusses associations between vascular risk factors and cognition and also how declining vascular health may lead to cognitive impairment and dementia. Next, it identifies basic aspects of cerebrovascular anatomy and physiology sustaining tissue health and discusses how vulnerabilities of this system contribute to neurodegenerative changes. Finally, it reviews evidence of vascular contributions to AD and presents ideas for future research to better understand the full spectrum of cerebrovascular contributions to brain aging, cognitive decline, and dementia.

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Risk Factors for Early Death in Acute Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Stroke ◽

10.1161/01.str.30.11.2326 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 2326-2330 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

K. S. Wong

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽

Early Death

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Factor V Leiden Mutation in Cerebrovascular Disease

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis ◽

10.1177/107602960501100314 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 339-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nur Buyru ◽

Julide Altinisik ◽

Goksel Somay ◽

Turgut Ulutin

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Cerebrovascular Disease ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Factor V Leiden ◽

Restriction Enzyme Digestion ◽

Factor V ◽

Mutation Site ◽

Factor V Leiden Mutation ◽

High Prevalence

Several studies indicate a high prevalence of factor V Leiden mutation as the most frequent coagulation defect found in patients with venous thrombosis. The relationship between this mutation and cerebrovascular disease has not been established in adults. In this investigation, we studied 29 patients with ischemic stroke and 20 with intracerebral hemorrhage, all of whom were compared with 20 controls. A region of the factor V gene containing the Leiden mutation site was amplified with polymerase chain reaction and the presence of mutation was determined with restriction enzyme digestion. We found no evidence of an association between factor V Leiden mutation and ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage. There was no evidence of association in subgroup the analysis by age, smoking status, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or coronary disease. Factor V Leiden mutation doesn’t seem to be associated with a risk of cerebrovascular disease.

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