scholarly journals Evaluation of the Phytochemicals, Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Fresh, Sprouted and Toasted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seed Extracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Titilayo O. Bamidele ◽  
Haruna G. Sunday ◽  
Auta Mathew ◽  
Jesse Ombugadu ◽  
Abdullahi Maryam
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Watermelon Seed ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Seed Extracts

The current study evaluated the Phytochemicals Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Fresh, Sprouted and Toasted Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Seed extracts. The phytochemicals, proximate, amino acids, microminerals and antinutrients compositions were determined following standard laboratory procedures in autoanalizer machines. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD and Duncan test for levels of significance. Results revealed the presence of Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Terpenoids in the three samples but anthroquinones was absent in sprouted and toasted watermelon seeds. Saponins (2.15 ± 0.07 mg/100 g), Tannins (40.63 ± 0.13 mg/100 g) Cyanogenic glycosides (3.55 ± 0.35 mg/100 g). There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the concentrations of the phytochemicals in all the samples except for cyanogenic glycosides which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fresh sample. Percentage protein (24.87 ± 0.48) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sprouted sample, ash (%) (2.63 ± 0.11) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the sprouted, fibre (20.64 ± 0.23) and moisture (%) (2.88 ± 0.19) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the toasted and carbohydrates (%) (9.81 ± 1.27) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sprouted. Results obtained for Amino acids and mineral analyses showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the three samples and Phytates (0.31 ± 0.01%) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fresh sample while oxalates (0.85 ± 0.01%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sprouted sample. The fresh, sprouted and toasted watermelon seeds may possess nutritional and health benefit by the virtue of their richness in phytochmicals, microminerals and amino acids, however the safety of the fresh sample is not guaranteed due to its high concentration of anti-nutrients.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemicals and Nutritional Compositions of Fresh, Sprouted and Toasted Citrullus Lanatus (Watermelon) Seeds (P04-033-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titilayo Bamidele ◽  
Haruna Gambo ◽  
Mathew Auta ◽  
Jesse Ombugadu ◽  
Maryam Dangana
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract Objectives There is a growing search for nutrients from cheap and readily available sources against the back drop of growing population and poverty in developing countries. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating and comparing the phytochemicals and nutritional compositions of fresh, sprouted and toasted Citrullus lanatus seeds Methods The phytochemicals, proximate, amino acids, microminerals and antinutrients compositions were determined following standard procedures. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD and Duncan test for levels of significance. Results Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Terpenoids in the fresh, sprouted and toasted samples but anthroquinones was present only in the fresh samples but absent in sprouted and toasted watermelon seeds. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the concentrations of the phytochemicals in all the samples except for cyanogenic glycosides which was significantly (P < 0.05) high in the fresh sample. Percentage protein (24.87 ± 0.48) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sprouted sample, ash (2.63 ± 0.11) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the sprouted, fibre (20.64 ± 0.23) and moisture (2.88 ± 0.19) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the toasted and carbohydrates (9.81 ± 1.27) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sprouted when the samples were compared against each other. Results obtained for Amino acids and mineral analyses showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the three samples. Saponins (2.15 ± 0.07), Tannins (40.63 ± 0.13) Cyanogenic glycosides (3.55 ± 0.35) and Phytates (0.31 ± 0.01) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the fresh sample while oxalates (0.85 ± 0.01) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sprouted sample. Conclusions Fresh, sprouted and toasted watermelon seeds may possess nutritional and health benefit by the virtue of their richness in phytochmicals, microminerals and amino acids. Funding Sources Personally funded.

scholarly journals L-Citrulline Levels in Watermelon Cultigens Tested in Two Environments

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1572-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. Davis ◽  
Charles L. Webber ◽  
Wayne W. Fish ◽  
Todd C. Wehner ◽  
Stephen King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
College Station

Producers of fresh fruits and vegetables face increasing production costs and international market competition. Growers who can offer high-quality watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai] that are also highly nutritious will have better market opportunities. To accomplish that, germplasm must be identified that has enhanced phytonutrient levels. Surprisingly, there is little information on the genetics of nutritional quality in watermelon. The present study was performed on 56 watermelon cultivars, breeding lines, and PI accessions (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) to determine the importance of genotype and environmental effects on L-citrulline concentration in fruit, an amino acid that helps regulate blood pressure. Our results demonstrated that L-citrulline concentration was affected by environment and the amount of environmental effect varies among cultigens. The mean of fruit tested in Lane, OK, was 3.10 mg·g−1 fresh weight and in College Station, TX, it was 1.67 mg·g−1 fresh weight. All cultigens had a higher mean L-citrulline concentration when grown in Lane, OK, instead of College Station, TX. Additionally, the L-citrulline concentration varied considerably within cultigens; i.e., ‘Congo’ had a 1.26 to 7.21 mg·g−1 fresh sample deviation. The cultigen ‘AU-Jubilant’ had the most stable L-citrulline concentration (2.23 to 4.03 mg·g−1 fresh deviation) when tested from one location. Environment did not significantly increase within-genotype variation (average se of 10 cultigens tested at each location was ± 35.3% for College Station, TX, and ± 32.9% for Lane, OK). L-citrulline concentration did not correlate with watermelon type (open-pollinated or F1 hybrid) or flesh color (red, orange, salmon yellow, or white). Differences among cultigens for L-citrulline were large (1.09 to 4.52 mg·g−1 fresh sample). The cultigens with the highest L-citrulline concentration were ‘Tom Watson’, PI 306364, and ‘Jubilee’. These could be used to develop cultivars having a high concentration of L-citrulline.

Chemical Composition and Metal Speciation in Porewaters from the Upper Qu’Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Farrell ◽  
Jae E. Yang ◽  
P. Ming Huang ◽  
Wen K. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porewater samples from the upper Qu’Appelle River basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed to obtain metal, inorganic ligand and amino add profiles. These data were used to compute the aqueous speciation of the metals in each porewater using the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. The porewaters were classified as slightly to moderately saline. Metal concentrations reflected both the geology of the drainage basin and the impact of anthropogenic activities. Whereas K and Na were present almost entirely as the free aquo ions, carbonate equilibria dominated the speciation of Ca. Mg and Mn (the predominant metal ligand species were of the type MCO3 (s). MCO30. and MHCO3+). Trace metal concentrations were generally within the ranges reported for non-polluted freshwater systems. Whereas the speciation of the trace metals Cr(III) and Co(II) was dominated by carbonate equilibria, Hg(II)-, Zn(II)- and Fe(II)-speciation was dominated by hydroxy-metal complexes of the type M(OH)+ and M(OH)2°. The speciation of Fe(III) was dominated by Fe(OH)3 (s). In porewaters with high chloride concentrations (&gt; 2 mM), however, significant amounts of Hg(II) were bound as HgCl20 and HgClOH0. The aqueous speciation of Al was dominated by Al(OH)4− and Al2Si2O4(OH)6 (s). Total concentrations of dissolved free amino acids varied from 15.21 to 25.17 umole L−1. The most important metal scavenging amino acids were histidine (due to high stability constants for the metal-histidine complexes) and tryptophan (due to its relatively high concentration in the porewaters. i.e., 5.96 to 7.73 umole L−1). Secondary concentrations of various trace metal-amino add complexes were computed for all the porewaters, but metal-amino acid complexes dominated the speciation of Cu(II) in all the porewaters and Ni(II) in two of the porewaters.

Quantitation of Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, Cannabidiol and 10 Other Cannabinoids and Metabolites in Oral Fluid by HPLC–MS-MS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Lin ◽  
Piyadarsha Amaratunga ◽  
Jerome Reed ◽  
Pornkamol Huang ◽  
Bridget Lorenz Lemberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Driving Impairment ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Cannabidiolic Acid ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Abstract Quantitative analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in oral fluid has gained increasing interest in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories. New medicinal and/or recreational cannabinoid products require laboratories to distinguish different patterns of cannabinoid use. This study validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for 13 different cannabinoids, including (-)-trans-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (Δ9-THCA-A), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-Δ9-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THCCOOH), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidiorcol (CBD-C1), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabigerol (CBG), in oral fluid. Baseline separation was achieved in the entire quantitation range between Δ9-THC and its isomer Δ8-THC. The quantitation range of Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC and CBD was from 0.1 to 800 ng/mL. Two hundred human subject oral fluid samples were analyzed with this method after solid phase extraction. Among the 200 human subject oral fluid samples, all 13 cannabinoid analytes were confirmed in at least one sample. Δ8-THC was confirmed in 11 samples, with or without the presence of Δ9-THC. A high concentration of 11-OH-Δ9-THC or Δ9-THCCOOH (&gt;400 ng/mL) was confirmed in three samples. CBD, Δ9-THCA-A, THCV, CBN and CBG were confirmed in 74, 39, 44, 107 and 112 of the 179 confirmed Δ9-THC-positive samples, respectively. The quantitation of multiple cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid simultaneously provides valuable information for revealing cannabinoid consumption and interpreting cannabinoid-induced driving impairment.

scholarly journals Amino Acids as Gustatory Stimuli in the Rat

1962 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Halpern ◽  
Rudy A. Bernard ◽  
Morley R. Kare
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Common Receptor ◽  
Amino Acid Solutions ◽  
Selection Of

Neural activity in intact chorda tympani nerve of rats was studied with an electronic summator. Neural activity increased when amino acid solutions 0.01 M or above passed over the tongue. Response magnitude, at concentrations close to solubility limits for the amino acids tested, was: DL-methionine &lt; DL-tryptophan &lt; DL-valine &lt; DL-alanine &lt; glycine &lt; 0.1 M NaCl. Maximum response magnitudes to 1 M D-, and 1.2 M DL-alanine, and 1.5 M glycine developed in 1 to 3 minutes. Following such stimulation, a 63 per cent reduction in response to 0.1 M NaCl occurred 60 minutes after the first stimulation (medians). The depression was still present 20 hours later. Responses to glycine and alanine were not depressed. Amino acids vs. water preferences were investigated. With ascending concentration sequences, rats selected low concentration DL- and L-alanine and glycine; accepted D-, L-, and DL-tryptophan and low concentration DL-methionine; and rejected high concentration glycine, DL-alanine, and DL-methionine. Descending sequences showed depressed and delayed selection of glycine and DL-alanine, and DL-methionine and D- and L-tryptophan rejection. Both groups rejected DL-valine. It is concluded that glycine and alanine receptor effects differ from those of NaCl, but that all three compounds may affect a common receptor site. Prior exposure to amino acids may modify subsequent neural and/or behavioral responses.

scholarly journals A Few Experimental Suggestions Using Minerals to Obtain Peptides with a High Concentration of L-Amino Acids and Protein Amino Acids

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2046
Author(s):  
Dimas A. M. Zaia ◽  
Cássia Thaïs B. V. Zaia
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rna World ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Protein World ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Hydrothermal Environment ◽  
World Hypothesis ◽  
Prebiotic Earth ◽  
Hydrothermal Environments ◽  
Selection Of

The peptides/proteins of all living beings on our planet are mostly made up of 19 L-amino acids and glycine, an achiral amino acid. Arising from endogenous and exogenous sources, the seas of the prebiotic Earth could have contained a huge diversity of biomolecules (including amino acids), and precursors of biomolecules. Thus, how were these amino acids selected from the huge number of available amino acids and other molecules? What were the peptides of prebiotic Earth made up of? How were these peptides synthesized? Minerals have been considered for this task, since they can preconcentrate amino acids from dilute solutions, catalyze their polymerization, and even make the chiral selection of them. However, until now, this problem has only been studied in compartmentalized experiments. There are separate experiments showing that minerals preconcentrate amino acids by adsorption or catalyze their polymerization, or separate L-amino acids from D-amino acids. Based on the [GADV]-protein world hypothesis, as well as the relative abundance of amino acids on prebiotic Earth obtained by Zaia, several experiments are suggested. The main goal of these experiments is to show that using minerals it is possible, at least, to obtain peptides whose composition includes a high quantity of L-amino acids and protein amino acids (PAAs). These experiments should be performed using hydrothermal environments and wet/dry cycles. In addition, for hydrothermal environment experiments, it is very important to use one of the suggested artificial seawaters, and for wet/dry environments, it is important to perform the experiments in distilled water and diluted salt solutions. Finally, from these experiments, we suggest that, without an RNA world or even a pre genetic world, a small peptide set could emerge that better resembles modern proteins.

Collaborative Study of the Glass Wool Filtration Method for the Recovery of Virus Inoculated into Ground Beef

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-578
Author(s):  
Edward P Larkin ◽  
John T Tierney ◽  
Robert Sullivan ◽  
James T Peeler
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Glass Wool ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
High Virus

Abstract A method for estimating viral population levels in ground beef was studied collaboratively in 7 laboratories. The collaborators recovered virus from 6 inoculated samples. Three samples were replicates of the high virus concentration (50 plaque-forming units (pfu)/g) and 3 replicates represented the low concentration (10pfu/g ). Six of the 7 collaborators recovered acceptable levels of virus from the samples. The per cent of variation was 30.6 for the high concentration and 18.5 for the low concentration. Collaborators did not differ from one another significantly in the results obtained for the 10 pfu/g samples, but results from one collaborator were significantly low for the recovery of virus from the 50 pfu/g samples. The results indicate that the glass wool filtration method is adequate for the detection of a number of viruses that may be found in foods. The method has been adopted as official first action.

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