Global Development on Causes, Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer: An Advanced Study

Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men, ranking second in cancer globally and first in Western countries. There are marked variations in incidence globally, and its incidence must be interpreted in the context of diagnostic intensity and screening. The uptake of prostate-specific antigen screening since the 1990s has led to dramatic increases in incidence in many countries, resulting in an increased proportion of indolent cancers that would never have come to light clinically in the absence of screening. Risk factors differ when studying prostate cancer overall versus advanced disease. Older age, African ancestry, and family history are established risk factors for prostate cancer. Obesity and smoking are not associated with risk overall, but are associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Several additional lifestyle factors, medications, and dietary factors are now emerging as risk factors for advanced disease.

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MO27-2 Risk factors for metastasis in prostate cancer patients: A systematic review

Annals of Oncology ◽

10.1016/j.annonc.2021.05.630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. S315

Author(s):

Billy Susanto ◽

Griffin Geraldo ◽

Jennifer Jesse Limanto ◽

Andree Kurniawan

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cancer Patients

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Longitudinal Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anxiety and Depression among Prostate Cancer Survivors Post-Resection

Psychiatric Quarterly ◽

10.1007/s11126-020-09869-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ruibin Yu ◽

Haibo Li

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cancer Survivors ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Longitudinal Assessment ◽

Prostate Cancer Survivors

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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: How Relevant in African Men With Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen-Deprivation Therapy?

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.2015.002790 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Okon Ekwere Essien ◽

Iya Eze Bassey ◽

Rebecca Mtaku Gali ◽

Alphonsus Ekpe Udoh ◽

Uwem Okon Akpan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Treatment Naïve

Purpose Cardiovascular disease risk factors have been associated with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) in white and Hispanic populations. It is therefore relevant to determine if there exists a relationship between these parameters in the African population. Patients and Methods The design of the study was cross sectional. Prostate-specific antigen concentration, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, glucose level, and insulin level were determined in 153 patients with prostate cancer and 80 controls. The patients with prostate cancer were divided into subgroups of treatment-naïve patients and those receiving ADT. Results Mean total cholesterol ( P = .010), LDL cholesterol ( P = .021), BMI ( P = .001), and waist circumference ( P = .029) values were significantly higher in patients treated with ADT when compared with treatment-naïve patients. In patients treated with ADT for up to 1 year, only mean BMI was significantly higher than in treatment-naïve patients, whereas those treated with ADT for more than 1 year had significantly higher mean BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol values when compared with treatment-naïve patients. There were no significant differences in insulin or glucose levels. Those undergoing hormone manipulation after orchiectomy had fewer cardiovascular risk factors compared with those undergoing hormone manipulation alone. Conclusion This study shows that ADT results in elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, BMI, and waist circumference values, all of which are risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Screening for cardiovascular risk factors should be included in treatment plans for patients with prostate cancer.

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Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer Detection After a Negative Biopsy: A Novel Multivariable Longitudinal Approach

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2008.20.3422 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 1714-1720 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Peter H. Gann ◽

Angela Fought ◽

Ryan Deaton ◽

William J. Catalona ◽

Edward Vonesh

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Negative Biopsy ◽

Gland Volume ◽

Piecewise Exponential ◽

Over Time ◽

Negative Biopsies

Purpose To introduce a novel approach for the time-dependent quantification of risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa) detection after an initial negative biopsy. Patients and Methods Data for 1,871 men with initial negative biopsies and at least one follow-up biopsy were available. Piecewise exponential regression models were developed to quantify hazard ratios (HRs) and define cumulative incidence curves for PCa detection for subgroups with specific patterns of risk factors over time. Factors evaluated included age, race, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, PSA slope, digital rectal examination, dysplastic glands or prostatitis on biopsy, ultrasound gland volume, urinary symptoms, and number of negative biopsies. Results Four hundred sixty-five men had PCa detected, after a mean follow-up time of 2.8 years. All of the factors were independent predictors of PCa detection except for PSA slope, as a result of its correlation with time-dependent PSA level, and race. PSA (HR = 3.90 for > 10 v 2.5 to 3.9 ng/mL), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/atypical glands (HR = 2.97), gland volume (HR = 0.39 for > 50 v < 25 mL), and number of repeat biopsies (HR = 0.36 for two v zero repeat biopsies) were the strongest predictors. Men with high-risk versus low-risk event histories had a 20-fold difference in PCa detection over 5 years. Conclusion Piecewise exponential models provide an approach to longitudinal analysis of PCa risk that allows clinicians to see the interplay of risk factors as they unfold over time for individual patients. With these models, it is possible to identify distinct subpopulations with dramatically different needs for monitoring and repeat biopsy.

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Bladder cancer following prostate cancer—An analysis of risk factors

International Urology and Nephrology ◽

10.1007/bf02768243 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 43-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. E. H. Wegner ◽

T. Meier ◽

R. Klän ◽

K.-P. Dieckmann

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Bladder Cancer

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Clinical significance and risk factors of urethrovesical anastomotic urinary leakage following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional study

BMC Urology ◽

10.1186/s12894-021-00844-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shigenori Kakutani ◽

Yuta Takeshima ◽

Yuta Yamada ◽

Tetsuya Fujimura ◽

Shoichi Nagamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Radical Prostatectomy ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Urinary Continence ◽

Robot Assisted ◽

Urinary Leakage ◽

Postoperative Continence ◽

The University

Abstract Background There has been a limited number of reports on the significance and risk factors of urethrovesical anastomotic urinary leakage (AUL) following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). We aimed to analyze the clinical significance of AUL and evaluated its risk factors. Methods We conducted a multi-institutional study to review patients with prostate cancer undergoing RARP in three centers (The University of Tokyo Hospital, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, and Chiba Tokushukai Hospital). “Positive AUL” was defined as urinary extravasation at the anastomosis detected by post-operative cystogram and was further categorized into minor or major AUL. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of AUL. Postoperative continence rates and time to achieve continence were also analyzed. Results A total of 942 patients underwent RARP for prostate cancer in 3 centers. Of these patients, a cystogram after the RARP procedure was not performed in 26 patients leaving 916 patients for the final analysis. AUL was observed in 56 patients (6.1%); 34 patients (3.7%) with minor AUL and 22 patients (2.4%) with major AUL. Patients with major AUL exhibited a significantly longer time to achieve continence than those without major AUL. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that longer console time (≥ 184 min) was significantly associated with overall AUL, and higher body mass index (≥ 25 g/kg2) was a significant predictor of both major and overall AUL. Conclusions The presence of major AUL was associated with the achievement of urinary continence, suggesting clinical relevance of its diagnosis by postoperative cystogram. A selective cystogram has been proposed for high-risk cases. Furthermore, identification of the risk factors of AUL will lead to optimal application.

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