scholarly journals Rotavirus Genotypes in Abuja, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
B. Balarabe-Musa ◽  
N. T. Dabo
Keyword(s):  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Control Group ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
G 12 ◽  
One Year ◽  
Prospective Monitoring

Introduction: Nigeria had planned to introduce the rotavirus vaccine in the National Immunisation Programme in 2014, but this has yet to be done. Nigeria has the continent's highest mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases with little information on specific, prevalent genotypes. Aim: The study's main objectives were to identify the predominant rotavirus genotypes and examine the effects of existing local vaccination programs on prevailing rotavirus genotypes and on preventing rotavirus diarrhoea. Methodology: A one-year prospective descriptive study of children under 5 with acute diarrhoea was conducted from June 2018 to May 2019. Children with acute diarrhoea attending Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja. Children without diarrhoea were also recruited as a control group. Rotavirus ELISA and RNA extraction were done with commercially available kits, and positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR and electrophoresis to determine VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) genotypes. Results: Rotavirus-ELISA was positive among 231 (17.8%) children with diarrhoea and 29 (2.2%) of controls, with November, December. The predominant VP7 genotypes was G1 (n=116, 50.2%) followed by G9 (n=66, 28.5%). Viral Protein, VP4 (P) was mostly P [8] (n=143, 74.8%) followed by P [4] (n=21, 10.9%). The predominant genotype combinations found were G1 P [8] (n=108, 46.7%), G9 P [8] (n=62, 26.8%), and G2 P [4] (n=18, 7.7%). Very few mixed infections were found in the study, 2 (0.8%). Among 94 unvaccinated children with rotavirus isolates that were genotyped, G1 P [8] (n=88, 49.4%) and G9 P [8] (n=43, 24.1%) were predominant.  Among 32 vaccinated children, G1 P [8] (n=13, 40.2%) and G9 P [8] (n=9, 28.1%) were predominant. Conclusion: The emergence of new genotypes such as G 12 P [4] found in this study emphasize the need for continued prospective monitoring of rotavirus at the molecular level to detect new threats to vaccine programs in future.

scholarly journals Rotavirus vaccine impact assessment surveillance in India: protocol and methods

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e024840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana P Nair ◽  
Samarasimha Reddy N ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Venkata Raghava Mohan ◽  
Umesh Parashar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Institutional Ethics ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Vaccine Impact

IntroductionRotavirus infection accounts for 39% of under-five diarrhoeal deaths globally and 22% of these deaths occur in India. Introduction of rotavirus vaccine in a national immunisation programme is considered to be the most effective intervention in preventing severe rotavirus disease. In 2016, India introduced an indigenous rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) into the Universal Immunisation Programme in a phased manner. This paper describes the protocol for surveillance to monitor the performance of rotavirus vaccine following its introduction into the routine childhood immunisation programme.MethodsAn active surveillance system was established to identify acute gastroenteritis cases among children less than 5 years of age. For all children enrolled at sentinel sites, case reporting forms are completed and a copy of vaccination record and a stool specimen obtained. The forms and specimens are sent to the referral laboratory for data entry, analysis, testing and storage. Data from sentinel sites in states that have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their routine immunisation schedule will be used to determine rotavirus vaccine impact and effectiveness.Ethics and disseminationThe Institutional Review Board of Christian Medical College, Vellore, and all the site institutional ethics committees approved the project. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and with stakeholders of the universal immunisation programme in India.

scholarly journals Disease burden of varicella versus other vaccine-preventable diseases before introduction of vaccination into the national immunisation programme in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alies van Lier ◽  
Brechje de Gier ◽  
Scott A McDonald ◽  
Marie-Josée J. Mangen ◽  
Maarten van Wijhe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Life Years

Introduction Estimating burden of disease (BoD) is an essential first step in the decision-making process on introducing new vaccines into national immunisation programmes (NIPs). For varicella, a common vaccine-preventable disease, BoD in the Netherlands was unknown. Aim To assess national varicella BoD and compare it to BoD of other vaccine-preventable diseases before their introduction in the NIP. Methods In this health estimates reporting study, BoD was expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using methodology from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe (BCoDE)-project. As no parameters/disease model for varicella (including herpes zoster) were available in the BCoDE toolkit, incidence, disease progression model and parameters were derived from seroprevalence, healthcare registries and published data. For most other diseases, BoD was estimated with existing BCoDE-parameters, adapted to the Netherlands if needed. Results In 2017, the estimated BoD of varicella in the Netherlands was 1,800 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 1,800–1,900) DALYs. Herpes zoster mainly contributed to this BoD (1,600 DALYs; 91%), which was generally lower than the BoD of most current NIP diseases in the year before their introduction into the NIP. However, BoD for varicella was higher than for rotavirus gastroenteritis (1,100; 95%UI: 440–2,200 DALYs) and meningococcal B disease (620; 95%UI: 490–770 DALYs), two other potential NIP candidates. Conclusions When considering the introduction of a new vaccine in the NIP, BoD is usually estimated in isolation. The current approach assesses BoD in relation to other vaccine-preventable diseases’ BoD, which may help national advisory committees on immunisation and policymakers to set vaccination priorities.

scholarly journals Trust in Government and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate C. Prickett ◽  
Simon Chapple
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Population ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
High Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Trust In Government ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Trust In Institutions

The long-term success of New Zealand’s Covid-19 elimination plan and the re-opening of fortress New Zealand rests on high population uptake of the Covid-19 vaccine. Understanding factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy – and potential inequities in access and uptake – are consequently essential for the efficacy of the national immunisation programme which began rolling out to the general population in July 2021. Prior research on the New Zealand context has documented socio-demographic disparities in Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy (Horizon Research, 2020; Prickett, Habibi and Atatoa Carr, 2021; Thaker, 2021). However, little research has been undertaken to examine how psychosocial elements – such as people’s trust in institutions – might be associated with people’s vaccine intent and cast some light on the reasons underpinning their intent.

scholarly journals Mumps in Poland in 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 406-410
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Dose Scheme ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

INTRODUCTION. Vaccination against mumps from 2003 is mandatory in Poland and given as two dose scheme with MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella). Earlier this vaccination was only recommended. Despite observed decline in mumps incidence for over a decade which is a result of conducted vaccinations, mumps is still a common disease among the children. AIM. To assess epidemiological situation of mumps in Poland in 2018, including vaccination coverage in Polish population, in comparison to previous years. METHODS. The descriptive analysis was based on data retrieved from routine mandatory surveillance system and published in the annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2018” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2018”. RESULTS. In total, there were 1 585 mumps cases registered in Poland in 2018. Incidence of mumps was 4.1 per 100,000 and it was lower in comparison with 2017. The highest incidence (6.6 per 100 000) was registered in Opolskie voivodeship and the lowest (2.6) – in Warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeship. The highest incidence rate was observed among children aged 5 years (39.2 per 100 000). Incidence in men (5.0 per 100 000) was higher than in women (3.4). In 2018, 28 people were hospitalized due to mumps. Vaccination coverage of children aged 3 years in Poland in 2018 was 92,9% and it was lower by 1.1% in comparison with year 2017. CONCLUSIONS. Systematic execution of mumps vaccination in accordance with the National Immunisation Programme resulted in a significant decrease in the number of registered cases. Due to the high vaccination coverage further decline in the number of cases is expected.

scholarly journals Real-world data on immune responses following heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination schedule with Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Westrop ◽  
Heather J Whitaker ◽  
Annabel A Powell ◽  
Linda Power ◽  
Corinne Whillock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Real World ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

Background There are limited data on immune responses to heterologous COVID–19 immunisation schedules, especially following an extended ≥12–week interval between doses. Methods SARS–CoV–2 infection–naïve and previously–infected adults receiving ChAd–BNT (ChAdOx1 nCoV–19, AstraZeneca followed by BNT162b2, Pfizer–BioNTech) or BNT–ChAd as part of the UK national immunisation programme provided blood samples at 30 days and 12 weeks after their second dose. Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of anti–SARS–CoV–2 spike (S-antibody) and nucleoprotein (N-antibody) IgG antibodies and geometric mean ratios (GMR) were compared with a contemporaneous cohort receiving homologous ChAd–ChAd or BNT–BNT. Results During March–October 2021, 75,827 individuals were identified as having received heterologous vaccination, 9,489 invited to participate, 1,836 responded (19.3%) and 656 were eligible. In previously–uninfected adults, S–antibody GMC at 30 days post–second dose were lowest for ChAd–ChAd (862 (95%CI, 694– 1069)) and significantly higher for ChAd–BNT (6233 (5522– 7035); GMR 6.29; (5.04– 7.85); p<0.001), BNT-ChAd (4776 (4066– 5610); GMR 4.55 (3.56– 5.81); p<0.001) and BNT–BNT (5377 (4596– 6289); GMR 5.66 (4.49– 7.15); p<0.001). By 12 weeks after dose two, S–antibody GMC had declined in all groups and remained significantly lower for ChAd–ChAd compared to ChAd–BNT (GMR 5.12 (3.79– 6.92); p<0.001), BNT–ChAd (GMR 4.1 (2.96– 5.69); p<0.001) and BNT–BNT (GMR 6.06 (4.32– 8.50); p<0.001). Previously infected adults had higher S–antibody GMC compared to infection–naïve adults at all time–points and with all vaccine schedules. Conclusions These real–world findings demonstrate heterologous schedules with adenoviral–vector and mRNA vaccines are highly immunogenic and may be recommended after a serious adverse reaction to one vaccine product, or to increase programmatic flexibility where vaccine supplies are constrained.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of hospitalised paediatric community-acquired pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia following the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the national immunisation programme in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Takeuchi ◽  
S. Naito ◽  
M. Ohkusu ◽  
K. Abe ◽  
K. Shizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation

Abstract Studies on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) related to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction in Asia are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and microbiological determinants of hospitalised CAP and PP after PCV13 was introduced in Japan. This observational hospital-based surveillance study included children aged ⩽15 years, admitted to hospitals in and around Chiba City, Japan. Participants had bacterial pneumonia based on a positive blood or sputum culture for bacterial pathogens. Serotype and antibiotic-susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from patients with bacterial pneumonia were assessed. The CAP hospitalisation rate per 1000 child-years was 17.7, 14.3 and 9.7 in children aged <5 years and 1.18, 2.64 and 0.69 in children aged 5–15 years in 2008, 2012 and 2018, respectively. There was a 45% and 41% reduction in CAP hospitalisation rates, between the pre-PCV7 and PCV13 periods, respectively. Significant reductions occurred in the proportion of CAP due to PP and PCV13 serotypes. Conversely, no change occurred in the proportion of CAP caused by H. influenzae. The incidence of hospitalised CAP in children aged ⩽15 years was significantly reduced after the introduction of PCV13 in Japan. Continuous surveillance is necessary to detect emerging PP serotypes.

Should India launch a national immunisation programme against rotavirus? No

BMJ ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 345 (nov30 1) ◽  
pp. e7832-e7832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Puliyel ◽  
J. L. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation Programme ◽  
National Immunisation
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