Occupational Exposure as it Relate to Pathogenic contamination in some Individuals in some parts of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria

Abstract Background: Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Adherence to TB therapy is an important factor in treatment outcomes, which is a critical indicator for evaluating TB treatment programs. This study assessed TB treatment outcomes using a fifteen-year record of tuberculosis patients who received treatment in Jos North and Mangu Local Government Areas of Plateau State, North-Central Nigeria. Methods: The retrospective facility based study was done in five TB treatment centers which account for more than half of data for tuberculosis patients in Plateau State. Data were collected from 10156 TB patient’s health records between 2001 and 2015. Treatment outcomes were categorized as successful (cured, treatment completed) or unsuccessful (non-adherent, treatment failure or death). A descriptive analysis was done to assess the factors associated with treatment outcomes. Relevant bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were done. All statistical analyses were performed on Stata version 11, College station, Texas, USA.Results: During the study period, 58.1% (5904/10156) of the TB patients who received treatment were males. The Mean age ±SD was 35.5 ±15.5 years. The overall treatment success rate was 67.4%; non-adherence/defaulting rate was 18.5%, with majority of patients defaulting at the end of intensive phase of treatment. The sputum conversion rate was 72.8% and mortality rate was 7.5%. A decrease in successful treatment outcomes rate from 83.8% in 2001 to 64.4% in 2015 was observed. After adjusting for sex, and TB category, being HIV positive was 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.11-6.83, p=0.028) more likely to be associated with treatment success than having an unknown status. Treatment after loss to follow-up, relapse and treatment failure were less likely associated with treatment success than newly diagnosed TB patients.Conclusion: With the decrease in treatment success rates, underlying reasons for medication non-adherence and treatment failure should be resolved through adherence counseling involving the patient and treatment supporters, with education on voluntary counseling and testing for HIV among TB patients.

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in trade donkeys (Equus asinus) at Ganawuri district market, Riyom Local Government area, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2019.60-64 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 60-64

Author(s):

Shalangwa Ishaku Bata ◽

Shalom Kumra Byencit

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Local Government ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Local Government Area ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North Central ◽

Plateau State

Background and Aim: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite of public health significance due to its possible transmission to humans through ingestion of tissue cysts in raw or undercooked meat or food or water contaminated with oocysts shed by felids and transplacental transmission. This study was carried out to provide information on the possible risk of transmission through eating undercooked donkey meat by conducting a market based cross-sectional study design to determine the presence of T. gondii antibodies in trade donkeys in Ganawuri district, Riyom Local Government Area, Plateau State, North Central, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirteen serum samples were collected from trade donkeys at the market and analyzed for T. gondii antibodies using latex agglutination test (LAT). Serum samples with LAT titer >10 μl/ml were considered positive. Results: The distribution of the donkeys based on their sources showed that greater proportions (61.1%) were from North Eastern part of the country. The study showed that 31 of the serum samples collected and analyzed were positive for T. gondii antibodies given an overall prevalence of 27.4%. The prevalence ranges between 22.2 and 33.3% across the states where the donkeys were sourced. The study showed that seropositivity increases with age (p=0.003; OR=11.8) and ranges between 12.5 and 47.2%. The prevalence did not vary significantly based on sex and source/location (p=0.494, OR=0.05; 0.920, 1.45, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that trade donkeys at Ganawuri district market have antibodies to T. gondii and suggest a public health risk from the consumption of undercooked donkey meat.

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TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT OUTCOMES: A FIFTEEN YEAR COHORT STUDY IN JOS NORTH AND MANGU, PLATEAU STATE, NORTH - CENTRAL NIGERIA

10.21203/rs.2.11227/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Comfort Nanbam Sariem ◽

Patricia Odumosu ◽

Maxwell Patrick Dapar ◽

Jonah Musa ◽

Luka Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Treatment Failure ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Treatment Success ◽

Tuberculosis Treatment ◽

Patient Treatment ◽

North Central ◽

Unsuccessful Treatment ◽

Plateau State

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease with a major global health problem; being the tenth leading cause of death worldwide, and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Nigeria is among the countries with high burden of tuberculosis and the highest global mortality rate. Medication adherence has been shown to have profound effect on other treatment outcomes. Objective To examine a fifteen-year cohort of tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Jos North and Mangu Local Government Areas of Plateau State. Methods The study was done in five treatment centers which account for more than half of data for tuberculosis patients in Plateau State, North-Central Nigeria. The retrospective study was done from 2001 to 2015, where TB patient records who had completed treatment were evaluated. Treatment outcomes were classified as successful (cured, treatment completed) or unsuccessful (non-adherent, treatment failure or death) and analyzed using binomial logistic regression. Results Males composed 58.1% of the population (10,156). Mean age ±SD was 35.5±15.5 years. The overall treatment success rate was 67.4%; non-adherence/defaulting rate was 18.5%, with majority of patients defaulting at the end of intensive phase of treatment; sputum conversion rate was 72.8% and mortality rate was 7.5%. A decrease in successful treatment outcomes from 83.8% to 64.4%, with a corresponding increase in unsuccessful treatment outcomes was observed. The Predictors of medication non-adherence were patients with unknown HIV status (OR 4.29, 95% CI: 3.74-4.91, p < 0.001); being male (OR 1.15, CI: 1.37-1.66, p = 0.008) and having a history of non-adherence (OR 2.27, CI: 1.34-3.87, p = 0.002) and treatment failure (OR 2.83, CI: 0.98 – 8.19, p = 0.05). Conclusion Underlying reasons for medication non-adherence and treatment failure identified should be resolved by the patient, treatment supporter and health worker. Increased awareness and education on voluntary counseling and testing of HIV among TB patients is advocated, particularly among the male population.

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Evaluation of infection prevention and control practices in Lassa fever treatment centers in north-central Nigeria during an ongoing Lassa fever outbreak

Journal of Infection Prevention ◽

10.1177/17571774211035838 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 175717742110358

Author(s):

Ifeoma Maureen Obionu ◽

Chinwe Lucia Ochu ◽

Winifred Ukponu ◽

Tochi Okwor ◽

Chioma Dan-Nwafor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Lassa Fever ◽

Effective Control ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

North Central ◽

Survey Tool ◽

Entry Points ◽

Plateau State ◽

And Control

Background: Outbreaks of Lassa fever (LF) in Nigeria have become more frequent, with increasing more healthcare worker infections. Prevention of infection is dependent on strict compliance to infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in treatment centres where patients are managed. Objective: To evaluate IPC practices during an ongoing LF outbreak in the two major tertiary hospitals serving as the referral LF treatment centres in the north-central region of Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out by the IPC subteam of the National Rapid Response Team of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) deployed to Plateau State, north-central Nigeria during the 2019 LF outbreak. Information on IPC in these facilities was collected using the NCDC viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) isolation and treatment facility IPC survey tool. Results: Both treatment centres had national VHF IPC isolation guidelines and few health workers had received IPC training. In both centres, there were no clearly demarcated entry points for staff going into clinical areas after putting on personal protective equipment, and there were also no standard operating procedures in place for reporting occupational exposure of staff to infected blood or body fluids in both centres. Discussion: The LF treatment centers located in Plateau State during the 2019 LF outbreak were not fully implementing the national VHF IPC guidelines. Periodic assessments of IPC are recommended for proper management of cases and effective control of LF in the State.

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