Enhancing Feature Point-Based Video Watermarking against Geometric Attacks with Template

As the Internet and communication technologies have developed quickly, the spread and usage of online video content have become easier, which results in major infringement problems. While video watermarking may be a viable solution for digital video content copyright protection, overcoming geometric attacks is a significant challenge. Although feature point-based watermarking algorithms are expected to be very resistant to these attacks, they are sensitive to feature region localization errors, resulting in poor watermark extraction accuracy. To solve this issue, we introduce the template to enhance the location accuracy of feature point-based watermarking. Furthermore, a scene change-based frame allocation method is presented, which arranges the template and the watermark to be embedded into different frames and eliminates their mutual interference, enhancing the performance of the proposed algorithm. According to the experimental results, our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of robustness against geometric attacks under close imperceptibility.

Optimal keyframe selection-based lossless video-watermarking technique using IGSA in LWT domain for copyright protection

Video piracy is a challenging issue in the modern world. Approximately $$90\%$$ 90 % of newly released films were illegally distributed around the world via the Internet. To overcome this issue, video watermarking is an effective process that integrates a logo in video frames as a watermark. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient lossless video-watermarking scheme based on optimal keyframe selection using an intelligent gravitational search algorithm in linear wavelet transform. This technique obtains color motion and motionless frames from the cover video by the histogram difference method. One-level linear wavelet transform is performed on the chrominance channel of motion frames and a low-frequency sub-band LL opts for watermark embedding. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated against 12 video processing attacks in terms of imperceptibility and robustness. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms five state-of-the-art schemes on the considered attacks.

Digital Video Watermarking for Copyright Labelling

Penggunaan konten multimedia di internet kini semakin berkembang, terutama dalam video digital. Pemalsuan, penipuan, dan penjarahan konten video menyebabkan masalah karena pasokan sumber daya untuk berbagi konten. Hak cipta menjadi hal yang krusial dalam video digital untuk menghindari manipulasi dari pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Ada banyak cara yang bisa dilakukan untuk melabeli hak cipta ke dalam sebuah video. Salah satunya adalah digital watermarking. Pembuatan air digital digunakan untuk mencegah replikasi ilegal atau eksploitasi konten digital, melindungi konten digital, dan menghindari manipulasi multimedia secara ilegal. Penggunaan beberapa metode seperti Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), dan Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) untuk pelabelan hak cipta video akan dibandingkan berdasarkan imperceptibility dan robustness setelah beberapa manipulasi diterapkan ke dalam video yang disisipkan-watermark. Dari segi imperceptibility, metode DWT menghasilkan nilai PSNR sebesar 45,62435 dB, metode DCT menghasilkan nilai PSNR sebesar 45.89422 dB, dan metode DFT menghasilkan nilai PSNR sebesar 45.77747 dB. Rerata PSNR dari ketiga metode tersebut adalah 45.76535 dB. Artinya, video yang disisipkan tanda air tampak mirip dengan yang disisipkan. Dengan demikian, dari percobaan dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode DWT, DCT, dan DFT yang diterapkan menunjukkan bahwa video yang diberi watermark masih dalam kualitas yang baik yaitu wajar dan memenuhi imperceptibility. Dari segi kekokohan, NC mean metode DCT adalah 0,63974, metode DCT adalah 0,755839, dan metode DFT adalah 0,745442. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstraksi watermark dari ketiga metode tersebut sama dengan hasil watermark aslinya. Dengan kata lain, semua tanda air pada ketiga metode ini dapat diekstraksi dengan baik meskipun serangan dikirimkan kepada mereka. Dari tingkat uji imperceptibility dan robustness pada metode DWT, DCT, dan DFT, dapat dikatakan bahwa metode DCT lebih baik daripada metode DWT dan DFT karena performansinya yang tinggi pada PSNR dan NC.

MPEG and DA-AD Resilient DCT-Based Video Watermarking Using Adaptive Frame Selection

We present a robust video watermarking scheme and report the detailed robustness of the video watermarking assessed based on standard criteria obtained from Information Hiding and its Criteria (IHC) Committee. Using discrete cosine transform domain spread-spectrum watermarking, our system achieves robustness under various non-hostile video processing techniques, including MPEG compression and digital/analog–analog/digital (DA-AD) conversion. The proposed system ensures that a 16-bit embedded sequence can be extracted through adaptive frame selection in any 15-s interval, even with a long video clip. To evaluate the performance of the proposed watermarking scheme, we conducted robustness tests under a DA-AD conversion environment, based on the MPEG-4 part 10 (H.264) codec. The experiment results obtained indicate that, in addition to being robust against non-hostile video processes, the proposed method achieves invisibility. The assessment of the developed watermarking scheme also satisfies the third edition of the IHC video watermarking evaluation criteria.

Data Hiding Scheme for Video Watermarking Using Horizontal and Vertical Coefficients of Single Level Discrete Wavelet Transform Method

This paper proposes a new watermarking algorithm based on a single-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT). This method initially chooses ‘[Formula: see text]’ number of carrier frames to hide the data. After estimating the carrier frames, each frame is separated into RGB frames. Each R, G, and B frames are decomposed using a single-level DWT. The horizontal and vertical coefficients are selected to embed the watermark information since small changes in the horizontal and vertical coefficients do not highly affect the quality of the video frame. The watermark image pixels are shuffled using a predetermined key before embedding. The shuffled pixels are converted to binary, and they are grouped into three data matrices. Each data matrix is embedded in horizontal and vertical coefficients of the R, G and B frames of the video frame. After embedding the data, the watermarked video is reconstructed using the original approximation coefficients, the embed coefficients, and the original diagonal coefficients. During the extraction process, the watermark is extracted from the horizontal and vertical coefficients of the watermarked video. Experimental result reveals that the proposed method outperforms other related methods in terms of video quality and structural similarity index measurement.