Neurological and Molecular Basis of Diabetic Neuropathy

Aims: the aim of the research is to look to the neurological and molecular mechanism of diabetic neuropathy and also suggesting a better way of management. Methods: Critical reviews of the relationship between hyperglycemia in diabetes with polyol pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt and de novo synthesis of sphingolipids and how this relationship could be involved in diabetic neuropathy. Results: The research gave rise to some factor causing diabetic neuropathy such as osmotic stress, oxidative stress , dymelination and are gotten from the method above. Conclusion: This research pointed out decrease NADPH available for de novo synthesis of sphingomyelin as result of increase consumption by polyol pathway and decrease production by hexose monophosphate shunt as the main factor responsible for diabetic neuropathy

Effect of dithiocyano-methane on hexose monophosphate pathway in the respiratory metabolism of Escherichia coli

This paper studied the inhibitory effects of dithiocyano-methane (DM) on the glucose decomposition pathway in the respiratory metabolism of Escherichia coli. We investigated the effects of DM on the activities of key enzymes (ATPase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH), the levels of key product (nicotinamide adenosine denucleotide hydro-phosphoric acid, NADPH), and gene expression in the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP). The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) of DM against the tested strains were 5.86 mg/L and 11.72 mg/L, respectively. Bacteria exposed to DM at MIC demonstrated an increase in bacterial ATPase and G6PDH activities, NADPH levels, and gene expression in the HMP pathway compared to bacteria in the control group, which could be interpreted as a behavioral response to stress introduced by DM. However, DM at a lethal concentration of 10 × MIC affected glucose decomposition by inhibiting mainly the HMP pathway in E. coli.

Eryptosis: An Erythrocyte’s Suicidal Type of Cell Death

Erythrocytes play an important role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Although erythrocytes possess no nucleus or mitochondria, they fulfil several metabolic activities namely, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, as well as the hexose monophosphate shunt. Metabolic processes within the erythrocyte contribute to the morphology/shape of the cell and important constituents are being kept in an active, reduced form. Erythrocytes undergo a form of suicidal cell death called eryptosis. Eryptosis results from a wide variety of contributors including hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, and exposure to xenobiotics. Eryptosis occurs before the erythrocyte has had a chance to be naturally removed from the circulation after its 120-day lifespan and is characterised by the presence of membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, and phosphatidylserine exposure that correspond to nucleated cell apoptotic characteristics. After eryptosis is triggered there is an increase in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) ion levels. This increase causes activation of Ca2+-sensitive potassium (K+) channels which leads to a decrease in intracellular potassium chloride (KCl) and shrinkage of the erythrocyte. Ceramide, produced by sphingomyelinase from the cell membrane’s sphingomyelin, contributes to the occurrence of eryptosis. Eryptosis ensures healthy erythrocyte quantity in circulation whereas excessive eryptosis may set an environment for the clinical presence of pathophysiological conditions including anaemia.

MORBUS HANSEN Biokimia dan Imunopatogenesis

Abstrak.Penyakit kusta adalah penyakit yang setua peradaban manusia.telah lama diketahui dan ditulis dalam kitab-kitab kuno. Dalam kitab Sushrat Samhita di zaman India Kuno (1300 SM), tercantum adanya penyakit yang disebut khust dengan deskripsi sesuai dengan kusta serta tulisan pada daun Papyrus di Mesir, tercantum hal mengenai penyakit yang sesuai dengan kusta yang dikenal saat ini. Istilah lepra sendiri berasal dari bahasa Yunani kuno dalam Kitab Perjanjian Baru, merupakan terjemahan dari istilah zaraath dari bahasa Ibrani kuno.Mikobakterium lepra memetabolisme sumber-sumber karbon melalui jalur klasik dari glikolisis, hexose monophosphat shunt dan siklus tricarboxylic acid.Respon yang terjadi akibat infeksi M. Lepra dapat sangat berbeda, keadaan ini terjadi di bawah kontrol secara genetika.Kata sandi: Morbus Hansen. Mikobakterium Lepra, ImunopatogenesisAbstract.Abstract Leprosy is a disease that is as old as human civilization. has long been known and written in ancient books. In the book of Sushrat Samhita in Ancient India (1300 BC), there is a disease called khust with description according to the leprosy known today. In the ancient on the leaves of the Papyrus in Egypt,. The term leprosy itself comes from the ancient Greek in the New Testament, a translation of the zaraath term from ancient Hebrew. M.leprae metabolizes carbon sources through the classical pathway of glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The response that occurs as a result of Mycobacterium leprae infection can be very different, this situation occurs under genetic control.Password: Morbus Hansen. Mycobacteria Leprae, Immunopathogenesis.