The angular pattern in the hyperfine structure of Xe I and Kr I atoms

Recent reviews of the hyperfine structure of xenon and krypton have highlighted the variety of the values taken by the hyperfine coefficients A and B of these atoms. These variations, as functions of the atomic angular momenta, were however not explained quantitatively. This article shows the simple picture and angular momentum algebra that make it possible to account for the observed trend. The only necessary approximations are to consider the interaction of the outer electron negligible with respect to the coupling of the p5 core with the nucleus, and to assume that the Racah ||(p5)j l[K]J F〉basis, conventionally used for the atomic states of noble gases, makes a fitting description of the hierarchy of their angular momentum couplings. The way the calculation corroborates the apparently erratic values of hyperfine coefficients A and B in Xe I and Kr I shows up as a confirmation of the validity of these approximations.

Dynamics of the Electron Belts

In this chapter we discuss the overall structure and dynamics of the electron belts and some of their peculiar features. We also consider the large-scale solar wind structures that drive geomagnetic storms and detail the specific responses of radiation belts on them. Numerous satellite observations have highlighted the strong variability of the outer electron belt and the slot region during the storms, and the energy and L-shell dependence of these variations. The belts can also experience great variations when interplanetary shocks or pressure pulses impact the Earth, even without a following storm sequence.

Particle Source and Loss Processes

The main sources of charged particles in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere are the Sun and the Earth’s ionosphere. Furthermore, the Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of protons in the inner radiation belt, and roughly every 13 years, when the Earth and Jupiter are connected via the interplanetary magnetic field, a small number of electrons originating from the magnetosphere of Jupiter are observed in the near-Earth space. The energies of solar wind and ionospheric plasma particles are much smaller than the particle energies in radiation belts. A major scientific task is to understand the transport and acceleration processes leading to the observed populations up to relativistic energies. Equally important is to understand the losses of the charged particles. The great variability of the outer electron belt is a manifestation of the continuously changing balance between source and loss mechanisms, whereas the inner belt is much more stable.

Polarizabilities and Rydberg States in the Presence of a Debye Potential

Polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities, α1, β1, γ1, α2, β2, γ2, α3, β3, γ3, δ and ε of hydrogenic systems have been calculated in the presence of a Debye–Huckel potential, using pseudostates for the S, P, D and F states. All of these converge very quickly as the number of terms in the pseudostates is increased and are essentially independent of the nonlinear parameters. All the results are in good agreement with the results obtained for hydrogenic systems obtained by Drachman. The effective potential seen by the outer electron is −α1/x4 + (6β1 − α2)/x6 + higher-order terms, where x is the distance from the outer electron to the nucleus. The exchange and electron–electron correlations are unimportant because the outer electron is far away from the nucleus. This implies that the conventional variational calculations are not necessary. The results agree well with the results of Drachman for the screening parameter equal to zero in the Debye–Huckel potential. We can calculate the energies of Rydberg states by using the polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities in the presence of Debye potential seen by the outer electron when the atoms are embedded in a plasma. Most calculations are carried out in the absence of the Debye–Huckel potential. However, it is not possible to carry out experiments when there is a complete absence of plasma at a particular electron temperature and density. The present calculations of polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities will provide accurate results for Rydberg states when the measurements for such states are carried out.

CONTRADICTION TO THE TABLE OF D. I. MENDELEEV AND THEIR ELIMINATION

The article discusses a new approach to the formation of periods of the Periodic Table of Mendeleev. With the help of the new formula and the first proposed quantum states of the outer electron shells of atoms of chemical elements, the periods of the periodic table are reformatted. It is supposed to reduce the number of periods in the table by introducing the corresponding sub-periods. This is confirmed by the material given in the article. The following description of the order of formation of electron layers is proposed: the principal quantum number (n), then the newly proposed quantum states of electrons («first» and «second»), which in turn constitute the electronic configurations of sub-periods in periods, and only then the remaining quantum orbitals (s, p, d and f).