INTRODUCTION IN THE FAR EAST: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Интродукция лесообразователей на Дальнем Востоке начинается с 1805 г. во владениях Российско-Американской компании, становится масштабной после 1890 г. в Хабаровске, Владивостоке, Уссурийске, Шмаковском монастыре, после 1930 г. – на юге Сахалина. Используются ели европейская, сибирская, колючая и лиственницы японская и Гмелина, сосны Банкса, веймутова, обыкновенная, сибирская, робиния, ясень пенсильванский. Массовое введение интродуцентов начинается после 1936 г. (создана Горнотаёжная станция) и после 1948 г. (организация академического Ботанического сада). Хорошие результаты таёжных пород Европы и Америки получены на Сахалине и отчасти в Приморье. Наиболее перспективен метод подбора интродуцентов по сходству климатов – климатических аналогов. The introduction of forest-forming species in the Far East begins in 1805 in the possession of the Russian-American company, becomes large-scale after 1890 in Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Ussuriisk, Shmakovsky monastery, after 1930 - in the south of Sakhalin. Are used Picea abies, P. obovata, P. pungens; Larix leptolepis and L. dahurica; Pinus banksiana, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. sibirica; Robinia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica. The massive use of the introductions species begins after 1936 (the Gornotezhnaya Station was established) and after 1948 (the organization of the Academic Botanical Garden). Good results for the taiga breeds of Europe and America were obtained on Sakhalin and partly in Primorye. The most promising method for the selection of introduced species by the similarity of climates - of the climatic analogues.

Effects of residual lignin and cellulose swelling on the rate of enzymatic saccharification of softwood and hardwood acid sulfite pulps

We estimated the effect of residual lignin and pulp swelling on the rate of enzymatic saccharification to increase production of ethanol from acid sulfite pulp (SP) by means of enzymatic treatment. The resolution ratio of hardwood (Acacia mearnsii) SP after the enzymatic treatment was lower compared to softwood (Larix leptolepis) SP even though lignin content of hardwood SP was lower. The pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis revealed that the residual lignin in hardwood SP could more easily adsorb enzyme compared to softwood SP, and the residual lignin in hardwood SP should interfere with the binding of the enzyme to cellulose. The beating treatment of pulp increased the swelling of pulp. The enzymatic saccharification rate was increased by the beating treatment. On the other hand, the delignification treatment was more effective than the beating treatment at enhancing enzymatic saccharification of both hardwood and softwood SPs. We found that the delignification process should be considered a high-priority technique for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of SP.

Development of a method to measure mechanical properties of single elongated callose fibers in protoplast cultures of Larix leptolepis and Betula platyphylla

We developed a method to measure mechanical properties of single fibers of callose in liquid protoplast cultures of Larix leptolepis and Betula platyphylla, which were formed in media containing 50 mM of MgCl2 or 100 mM of CaCl2, respectively. Tensile test was performed using two micromanipulators loading micropipettes under an inverted microscope. Spring constant of the pipette used was first calibrated and calculated from using a microbalance. The callose fiber was wired between the two micropipettes. The Young’s modulus of single fibers for Larix and Betula was 7-9 kPa (1.4-1.9 x 104 N/m2) though the diameters of the fiber varied from 10 μm for Larix and 22-26 μm for Betula. No difference was found between experiments with and without medium containing high concentrations of salts. Tensile strength at break was 1.1-1.8 kPa (2.3-3.6 x 103 N/m2). The values are compared to other materials including cellulose containing plant cell wall, cell membranes, and amorphous callose. The value of the Young’s modulus observed was discussed.