Charles Bell was an internationally renowned teacher of anatomy and surgery and an eloquent advocate of natural theology. His writings on the anatomy of expression had a major influence on art and on the training of painters and artists, and they gave birth to physiological psychology. Bell founded his own anatomy school, took over the well-known Hunterian school in Great Windmill Street, was a clinical teacher at one of the great London hospitals, was the most famous professor appointed to the medical department when the University of London was established, helped to found the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, and, finally, held a prestigious chair of surgery at the University of Edinburgh. His association with the University of London was brief, however, because his role was unclear, the institution was mismanaged, and the environment was acrimonious.