The effect of an educational-learning program based on the theory of triple intelligence on the achievement of the subject of physiological psychology

This research aims to figure out the effect of an educational program based on the theory of triple intelligence on the achievement of the physiological psychology. It adopted an experimental design with partial control, which related to the randomized control group, pre and post test. They intentionally chose the College of Education - Ibn Rushd / University of Baghdad, third stage, and randomly chose Division (A) to represent the experimental group that studied according to the educational program, with (18) students, and Division (B) to represent the control group that studied in the traditional way, with (18) male and female students. The researchers equalized the students statistically with a number of variables. As for the tool, the researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) paragraphs, (30) objective paragraphs, (10) essay paragraphs. They verified the validity and reliability of the test, by extracting the discriminatory strength, the difficulty factor of the paragraphs. They established the key to the correction, and verified its validity by presenting it to a group of arbitrators, then applied them before and after the research sample students. To process the study data statistically and extract the results, the researchers used: (Mann Whitney test for small samples, Wilcoxon test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Ca2 square, and after analyzing the data, the research indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the students of the two research groups in the achievement test, and in the favor of the experimental group. That program positively affected students' achievement rejecting the null hypothesis.

Statistics, Classification, and the Standardisation of Melancholia

This chapter situates melancholia in the context of the administrative framework that was constructed in British asylum medicine from the 1840s onward. In the last quarter of the century, the interaction between administrative and statistical practices and a theoretical framework based on physiological psychology, produced melancholia as an increasingly standardised disease category with a clear symptomatology. This thematic chapter maps in detail the historical trajectory of what emerged as the main features of biomedical melancholia in the late nineteenth century: mental pain, depression, religious delusions, and suicidal tendencies. The chapter demonstrates the different and complex historical roots of these symptom categories, showing that they were made into features of melancholia in very different ways, none of which were inevitable or straightforward.

The Scientific Foundation of Disordered Mood

This chapter maps how early nineteenth-century experimental physiology provided a biological foundation for mental disorders in which no visible changes to brain tissue could be found. It charts the emergence of ‘psychological reflex action’, a key concept that facilitated a view of emotion as automated and involuntary, and thus prone to malfunction. The chapter follows the trajectory of psychological reflexion from internal scientific medicine to what became known as ‘physiological psychology’, where it provided mid-century British writers with the tools to create a biomedical framework for the phenomenon of disordered mood. The chapter ends by looking at how physiological psychology was gradually taken up by mid-century asylum physicians writing on mental disease.

The Pulse of Film

Chapter 5 considers psychophysiological efforts to assess the emotional responses of filmgoers by photographing their facial reactions and registering changes in their vital signs. These studies were done in the USSR for the purpose of raising the effectiveness of film propaganda among proletarian, rural, and juvenile audiences, and in the United States, for identifying crowd-pleasing narrative formulae. The chapter juxtaposes spectator tests conducted by the inventor of the polygraph lie detector, William Moulton Marston, for Universal Studios in Hollywood with analogous initiatives launched by various agencies under the jurisdiction of the Narkompros (a Soviet ministry for education and propaganda). I further trace the roots of these empirical methods to late 19th-century trends in physiological psychology, when chronophotography served alongside the kymograph for obtaining indexical records of corporeal processes that were thought to reflect the workings of the psyche. Offering a critical reading of this legacy, the chapter shows how these spectator studies replicated the universalist fallacies of biologically oriented psychology, in addition to strengthening a patronizing attitude toward the subjects of research: women, children, and illiterate peasants.

The Simple Dynamics of 'Animal Spirits'

In the tradition of physiological psychology dating back to Wilhelm Wundt, an adaptation-level approach is taken to the level of economic certainty, as measured by the psychologically sensitive unemployment series. Unemployment levels ‘low’ relative to the adaptation level are shown to promote confidence — high ‘animal spirits’ — while the converse holds for ‘high’ unemployment rates. It is suggested that attempts to smooth the business cycle may become counterproductive (to the extent that such policy can be considered exogenous) if they produce less than ‘optimal’ levels of ‘variety’, construed in this context as alternation of confidence levels.

Detecting neurodevelopmental problems in children aged 1-5 years using the simple parent-reported screening tool in combination with primitive reflex assessment

Background The Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan/DPsQ (Developmental Pre-screening Questionnaire/DPsQ) is a series of questions and instructions used as a developmental screening tool for children aged 3 months to 6 years. However, the DPsQ cannot fully detect the soft signs of future neurological disorders. However, the retained primitive reflex assessment as an adjunct to the DPsQ may be useful for such detection. Objective To determine whether assessing for retained primitive reflexes can add to the usefulness of DPsQ as a neurodevelopmental screen in children aged 1 to 5 years. Methods This cross-sectional study included children aged 1-5 years. Developmental screening was done using the DPsQ and retained primitive reflex assessment was performed using the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) screening and scoring guideline. Results Of 46 subjects, 56.8% of children with normal DPsQ scores had not retained primitive reflexes, while 88.9% of children with suspect DPsQ score had retained primitive reflexes. Hence, children with suspect DPsQ score had a 10.5 times higher chance of retaining primitive reflexes (OR 10.50; 95%CI 1.19 to 92.73; P=0.034). Furthermore, 66.7-77.8% of children with suspect DPsQ score had retained the Moro reflex, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), and symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR). Neither gender nor age were significantly associated with either suspect DPsQ score or the presence of retained primitive reflexes. Conclusion The DPsQ results correlate to integration of primitive reflexes, with 10.50 greater odds of children with ‘suspect’ DPsQ scores to have retained primitive reflexes. As such, retained primitive reflexes is not useful as a primary screen for future neurological problems. However, a high percentage of children (43.2%) with normal DPsQ scores also have retained primitive reflexes.