Estimation of energy dissipation in step-pool reaches of mountain river - a field investigation

The bed of the step-pool rivers is adapted to the flow conditions in terms of the topographic position and the steep slope of the path in such a way to dissipate the water energy, along the river. The beds of these rivers is sinusoidal like the meander rivers. However, as the river banks are mostly rocky in mountainous areas and the erosion in these areas is less, the bed fluctuation of these reaches is mainly vertical. When the water flow streams from the step crest into the pool, most of the water energy dissipates. In addition to the height difference, other factors contribute to the energy dissipation in the step pool reaches. The present study examines the energy dissipation by determining its effective factors, including step height (H), step length (L), hydraulic radius (R), sediment material diameter (d84), velocity in the step (V), etc. by field measurements in three reaches of mountain rivers. In the same vein, an equation is provided to estimate energy dissipation in the step pool reaches, by considering measurable effective parameters.

Nazewnictwo czarnogórskich klubów piłkarskich

The Names of Montenegrin Football ClubsThis article analyses the names of the Montenegrin football clubs taking part in the 2019/20 league competitions. The semantic analysis of their names presented in the study indicates that the most popular pattern is the use of a geographical name (the name of a mountain, river, lake, etc.). Other significant patterns are the use of the names of people (including the names of occupations, inhabitants of a particular region, or famous people associated with the region) and the names of abstract relations between people. Some clubs, mostly from the lowest level in the league system, use only an acronym and the name of their town/village. Nazewnictwo czarnogórskich klubów piłkarskichAutor analizuje nazwy czarnogórskich klubów piłkarskich uczestniczących w rozgrywkach sezonu 2019/20. Analiza semantyczna pokazuje, że najbardziej popularnym schematem nazewniczym jest użycie nazwy geograficznej (nazwy gór, rzek, jezior itp.). Inne istotne schematy wykorzystują nazwy ludzi (w tym nazwy zawodów, mieszkańców regionów i sławnych ludzi związanych z regionem), a także nazwy abstrakcyjne relacji międzyludzkich. Niektóre kluby, zwłaszcza z najniższego poziomu rozgrywkowego, używają wyłącznie skrótowca oraz nazwy miejscowości, w której funkcjonują.

SEL VƏ DAŞQIN AXINLARINDA DAĞ ÇAYLARI MƏCRASININ YUYULMA DƏRİNLİYİNİN TƏYİNİ

The article is dedicated to the determination of the wash depth of mountain rivers in floods and overflows. As well-known, hydrotechnical equipment is exposed to destructive damages of the floods and overflows. The undersurface of bridge basement and coast guards are washed away, the surface of drainage devices in water supply and dams (Düker) at river crossings are opened up. Therefore, the protection of the equipment against the destructive damage of the floods and overflows should be ensured. To this aim, first of all, the depth of the fortification of the equipment basement in riverbeds and the width through which the river can flow should be determined and the works of installing coast guards should be accordingly implemented. Since the flow regime of rivers due to floods in the course of mountain riverbeds dramatically changes, the width, depth, roughness and cross-sectional area of the riverbed also changes. To that reason, in the smallest case, calculation formulas includes the average width and wash depth of the riverbed in the course of the floods and overflows, average diameter of undersurface soils, the slope of the location of hydrotechnical structures, velocity due to the average diameter of the riverbed soils and so on. The article contains the analyses of theoretical and practical materials about the floods and overflows in mountain rivers. For the rivers flowing through the southern hills of Great Caucasus Mountains, the expressions for determining the riverbed parameters and hydrological parameters of rivers are used. According to the expressions, average width due to non-washing of the riverbed in floods in accordance with flood flow and slope of the studied part of the riverbed, the average depth of the riverbed crossing the flood, the average velocity of the flow and the wash depth in accordance with them are determined. basing on all these, the determining method of the wash depth of mountain riverbeds in floods have been worked out and determining the wash depth have been recorded. The studied methodology can be used in determining the riverbed parameters in floods and overflows. Keywords: Flood, riverbed deformation, mountain river, wash depth, average diameter of undersurface sediments, riverbed stability, flood velocity