Antibiofilm Effects of Heated Scallop Shell Powder on Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms

Methods to reuse large numbers of scallop shells from the harvesting regions of Japan are being explored. The major component of scallop shells is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which forms the powerful bactericidal agent, calcium oxide (CaO), when heated. Heated scallop shell powder (HSSP) exhibits strong and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study investigated the antibiofilm activity of HSSP against the biofilms of Campylobacter jejuni, which is the predominant species in campylobacteriosis. Biofilm samples of C. jejuni were prepared on 0.45 µm filter paper under microaerobic conditions. The HSSP treatment inactivated and eradicated C. jejuni biofilms. The resistance of C. jejuni biofilms to HSSP was significantly higher than that of the floating cells. Moreover, the antibiofilm activity of the HSSP treatment against C. jejuni biofilms was higher than that of NaOH treatment at the same pH. These results indicated that HSSP treatment is an effective method for controlling C. jejuni biofilms.

The Potential of Engay Food Enriched with Asian Scallops Flour for Dysphagia Food Alternative

Engay food is a Japanese term for a modified texture food for elderly people with dysphagia. The enrichment of the nutritional value of food is carried out by adding the calcium found in the scallop shells. This study aimed to investigate the chemical, physical, and sensory properties of engay food enrich with scallop shell flour. The food formulation consisted of milkfish and the addition of scallop shell flour as much as 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of the basic ingredients with 5 repetitions. The result showed, the best formulation of engay food from chemical, physical, and sensory was the concentration of 4% scallop shell flour with the calcium content of 0.099 mg / 100g, water content 68.97%, ash content 0.98%, fat 1.39%, protein 9.00%, carbohydrates 19.66% and contains 562 cal / 100g. L* 30.8, a* 2.4, b* 13.9, °Chroma 14.07, and °Hue 80.27 with the type of yellow-red color, cohesiveness value 0.334 J / m2, adhesion value 0.034 mJ, and gumminess value 206.176 N/m2. High calcium engay food with milkfish as the main ingredient can be used as an alternative food for elderly people with dysphagia because it meets the requirements for food categories level 4-5 based on IDDSI recommendation.

The Effect of Zinc Oxide Scallop-Shell Powder and Complications After Coronary Angiography

Introduction: Coronary angiography is often associated with complications such as hemorrhage and hematoma that should be considered and be minimized. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of Zinc oxide scallop-shell powder as a topical hemostatic agent (composed mainly of calcium) on complications after coronary angiography. These complications include hemostasis time, low back pain, hemorrhage, hematoma, the necessity of sandbags, and patient ambulation. Materials and Methods: The current research was a blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial done on 150 patients under coronary angiography. They were randomly divided into three equal groups of A (control), B (case 1), and C (case 2). In group A, hemostasis was done with manual compression, use of ChitoHem powder, putting sandbag for 4-6 h in a supine position, and getting out of bed after 24 h. In group B, instead of ChitoHem powder, we used Zinc oxide scallop-shell powder. In group C, hemostasis was done with manual compression, Zinc oxide scallop-shell powder, putting sandbag for 1 h in a supine position, and getting out of bed after 2 h. The duration of hemostasis, bleeding, and hematoma after hemostasis and the severity of low back pain were investigated at 8 point intervals during 24 h. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics indicators and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, Chi Square, Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The mean ±SD ages of groups of A, B, and C were 60.08 ±11.32, 60.22 ±10.30, and 61.69 (10.61), respectively, which was not statistically different. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between these three groups regarding their demographic information. There were statistically significant differences between groups about the amount of low back pain at the second, third, and fourth hours after angiography (P= 0.001). There was a significant difference in the amount of bleeding between the three groups (P=0.017). The difference in time of hemostasis in the three groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The Zinc oxide scallop-shell powder reduces catheter site bleeding after coronary angiography and bed rest time and ultimately the severity of low back pain. Performing a similar study is recommended.

Antibacterial Properties of Scallop Shell Derived Calcium Hydroxide Powders

Globally increased bivalve aquaculture production results in a vast amount of by-product discharges such as scallop shells. Utilization of these wastes to produce new products such as antibacterial agents can cooperate to reduce environmental problems and provide a high value-added product at a lower cost. In this study, scallop shells are heat-treated at 800°, 900°, 1000°, and 1100°C for 4 hours at atmospheric conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that calcium carbonate is the only inorganic phase in the powdered scallop shells. Ten weeks after the thermal treatment of the scallop shells, the calcium hydroxide phase was the only crystalline phase determined by X-ray diffraction analysis for the samples calcined at 1000° and 1100°C. At lower calcination temperatures, calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide phases were co-existing in the samples. Scanning electron microscopy investigations depicted that using scallop shells as a starting material to synthesize nanometer-sized calcium hydroxide is achieved. It was determined that applied calcination temperature has a significant effect on the particle size of the obtained calcium hydroxide phase. Antimicrobial activity of calcined and uncalcined shell powders were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. No antibacterial activity was detected for the uncalcined scallop shell powders. However strong antibacterial activity was determined for the powders after subjection to calcination. Calcination of scallop shells is an environmentally friendly, readily applied, and low- cost approach to achieve nanometer-size calcium hydroxide that can be used as an inorganic antibacterial material in various composite systems.

Composites based on poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and silver-calcined scallop shell powder: Mechanical, thermal, photocatalytic, and antibacterial properties

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) [EVA] and silver-calcined scallop shell powder (Ag-CS) based composite (EVA/Ag-CS) films were synthesized by wet phase inversion method. The composite films were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), water sorption test, and contact angle measurement. The functional properties such as photocatalytic and antibacterial properties were also studied in detail. Calcined scallop shell powder, which mainly contains CaO and Ca(OH)2 was prepared from a naturally occurring scallop shell by the sol–gel method. Silver-calcined scallop shell powder was prepared by the reduction of silver nitrate solution in the presence of calcined scallop shell powder. It was found that composite with a 6 wt% Ag-CS showed 5% better tensile strength and improved thermal properties than the pristine EVA. The incorporation of Ag-CS imparts photocatalytic property to EVA polymer matrix. Kinetics study showed that the photocatalytic process takes place through a pseudo-first-order manner. The antibacterial study of the prepared samples was tested by the agar-disc diffusion method. The composites are found to be good antibacterial material against Staphillococus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE MODIFIED WITH SCALLOP SHELL LIME

This research was conducted to determine the effect of the scallop shell lime (SSL) on the compressive strength of concrete made with Portland cement type Ico and natural aggregates from a quarry, where SSL was added at 3%, 4% and 5%. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the aggregates were determined based on the N.T.P. 400.037/ASTM C22 standard, and the mix design was carried out through the ACI method. The SSL was used due to the high calcium content present in the valve. Standard concrete controls were prepared and cured by adding 3%, 4% and 5% SSL (339.0183/ASTM C192M), which were analyzed at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. The results showed that the compressive strength at 28 days was 242.63 kg/cm2 when 3% SSL was added, increasing with respect to the standard control by 16%. With the addition of 4% SSL, the maximum strength reached was 245.25 kg/cm2, and with 5%, the compressive strength reached was 261.17 kg/cm2, increasing by 24%. In conclusion, the SSL positively affects the increase of concrete strength, and the percentage with the highest incidence is 5%.