Specific Bile Microorganisms Caused by Intra-Abdominal Abscess on Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

We retrospectively collected PD patients with a performance of bile culture between 2007 and 2019 in our institute. As to bile culture, we used a swab to do intraoperative bile cultures after transection of the CBD. IAA was defined as the documental bacteriological culture from either a turbid discharge from the intraoperatively placed drain in patients with a clinical picture consistent with infection or a postoperative fluid collection managed by CT-guided placement of drains. A total of 1244 PD patients were identified, and 539 (43.3%) subjects with bile sampling were included for analysis. Among these study patients, 433 (80.3%) developed bile contamination (positive bile culture). Bile contamination showed a significantly higher rate of IAA compared to non-bile contamination (17.1% vs. 0.9%, p < 0.001). The rate of co-shared microorganisms in both bile and abscess was 64.1%. On the multivariate analysis, age and specific bile microorganisms (Enterococcus species, Escherichia Coli, Streptococcus species, Citrobacter species, and Candida) are significantly associated with development of IAA. Specific bile microorganisms are the highly significant factors associated with development of IAA. The strategy to prevent bile spillage during PD should be considered to minimize afterward contamination of the abdominal cavity and prevent IAA.

ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG VÀ CẬN LÂM SÀNG ÁP XE TRUNG THẤT DO THỦNG THỰC QUẢN ĐIỀU TRỊ TẠI BỆNH VIỆN VIỆT ĐỨC

Đặt vấn đề: Áp xe trung thất (AXTT) là nhiễm khuẩn nặng, nguy cơ tử vong cao, nguyên nhân do bệnh lý nhiễm khuẩn miệng, họng, đặc biệt liên quan đến tổn thương thực quản (TQ). Mục đích nghiên cứu chúng tôi mô tả một số đặc điểm lâm sàng và cận lâm sàng giúp cho chẩn đoán bệnh. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu tiến cứu các trường hợp chẩn đoán AXTT do tổn thương TQ được điều trị tại Bệnh viện Việt Đức từ 1/2016 đến 10/2019, bao gồm các trường hợp tử vong và nặng về. Chẩn đoán theo tiêu chuẩn của Estrera (1983), phân loại theo Endo S (1999). Kết quả: Tổng số có 40 trường hợp, tuổi trung bình: 48,5 ± 17,74 tuổi, nam giới chiếm 82,5 %. Nguyên nhân tổn thương TQ do chấn thương chiếm 70%, chủ yếu hóc xương; do bệnh lý 30%, trong đó hội chứng Boerhaave chiếm 62,5%. Vị trí tổn thương hay gặp nhất ở 1/3 trên (TQ cổ) chiếm 65%, TQ ngực (1/3 giữa) chiếm 15 %, và TQ ngực (1/3 dưới) 20%. Phân độ theo Endo: type I 28 bệnh nhân chiếm 70%, không có type IIa, type IIb có 12 trường hợp, chiếm 30%. Dấu hiệu lâm sàng chính: nuốt đau 35%, đau ngực 42,5%, sốt và khó thở 75%. Khám tại chỗ: Đau máng cảnh 47,5%, mất lọc cọc thanh quản – cột sống 52,5%, tràn khí dưới da 50%. Hình ảnh X quang: CLVT có độ nhạy và đặc hiệu cao, 54,6% hình ảnh thâm nhiễm, 50% hình khí hơi trung thất (type I); Ổ giảm tỷ trọng ở trung thất 100%, mủ màng phổi 83,3%, hơi khí trung thất 100% (type II). 25/40 trường hợp phân lập được vi khuẩn/nấm (62,5%). Vi khuẩn Gram (+) phổ biến Streptococcus species (44%) Enterococcus faecalis (24%) Vi khuẩn Gram (-) phổ biến Acinetobacter Baumanii (24%) Klebsiella pneumonie (12%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%). Nấm: Phân lập được 6/24 chiếm 25%. Kết luận: Áp xe trung thất do tổn thương thực quản là biến chứng nhiễm khuẩn nặng, cần được chẩn đoán sớm để có thái độ xử lý kịp thời. Nghiên cứu đặc điểm AXTT do tổn thương TQ qua những dấu hiệu điển hình trên lâm sàng, X quang cũng như vi khuẩn giúp cho phẫu thuật viên đưa ra chiến lược điều trị sớm và phù hợp.

Site-specificity of streptococci in the oral microbiome

Patterns of microbial distribution are determined by as-yet poorly understood rules governing where microbes can grow and thrive. Therefore, a detailed understanding of where bacteria localize is necessary to advance microbial ecology and microbiome-based therapeutics. The site-specialist hypothesis predicts that most microbes in the human oral cavity have a primary habitat within the mouth where they are most abundant. We asked whether this hypothesis accurately describes the distribution of the members of the genus Streptococcus, a clinically relevant taxon that dominates most oral sites. Prior analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data indicated that some oral Streptococcus clades are site-specialists while others may be generalists. However, within complex microbial populations composed of numerous closely-related species and strains, such as the oral streptococci, genome-scale analysis is necessary to provide the resolution to discriminate closely related taxa with distinct functional roles. Here we assess whether individual species within this genus are generalists using publicly available genomic sequence data that provides species-level resolution. We chose a set of high-quality representative genomes for Streptococcus species from the human oral microbiome. Onto these genomes, we mapped short-read metagenomic sequences from supragingival plaque, tongue dorsum, and other sites in the oral cavity. We found that every reliably detectable Streptococcus species in the human oral cavity was a site-specialist and that even closely related species such as S. mitis, S. oralis, and S. infantis specialized in different sites. These findings indicate that closely related bacteria can have distinct habitat distributions in the absence of dispersal limitation and under similar environmental conditions and immune regimes. These three species also share substantially the same species-specific core genes indicating that neither taxonomy nor gene content are clear predictors of site-specialization. Site-specificity may instead be influenced by subtle characteristics such as nucleotide-level divergences within conserved genes.

The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis

The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. This review describes a classification, reservoirs, and frequencies of the most relevant Streptococcus species inducing bovine mastitis (S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). Host and environmental factors influencing mastitis susceptibility and infection rates will be discussed, because it has been indicated that Streptococcus herd prevalence is much higher than mastitis rates. After infection, we report the sequence of cow immune reactions and differences in virulence factors of the main Streptococcus species. Different mastitis detection techniques together with possible conventional and alternative therapies are described. The standard approach treating streptococcal mastitis is the application of ß-lactam antibiotics. In streptococci, increased antimicrobial resistance rates were identified against enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. At the end, control and prevention measures will be considered, including vaccination, hygiene plan, and further interventions. It is the aim of this review to estimate the contribution and to provide detailed knowledge about the role of the Streptococcus genus in bovine mastitis.

A novel Streptococcus species causing clinical mastitis in a pregnant donkey

An 8-y-old jenny was presented because of anorexia and mild depression. The jenny had weaned her colt 10 d before the admission. Upon arrival at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, the heart rate was elevated, and the right udder was painful and swollen on palpation. Milk stripping of the affected side revealed purulent content; the contralateral udder had normal-appearing milk. Cytology of mammary gland secretions from the affected side revealed a large number of hypersegmented reactive neutrophils with phagocytized bacteria. Complete blood count, serum chemistry, and fibrinogen were within normal limits. A diagnosis of clinical mastitis was made, and the jenny was started on a 5-d course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, hydrotherapy, and milk stripping. Clinical signs reduced over time, and the cure was attained by 96 h post-admission. Aerobic culture and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis identified a bacterium of the Streptococcus genus but not the species. Whole-genome analysis was performed, and 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis determined that our isolate 20-37394 clustered with 2 other Streptococcus strains (27284-01 and 28462). Single-nucleotide variations and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Streptococcus 20-37394 had 96.8% and 94.9% identities to Streptococcus strains 27284-01 and 28462, respectively; therefore, the bacteria isolated in our case was deemed as a new Streptococcus species.

Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus species among respiratory patients and meat products, and antibacterial effects of oregano oil nanoemulsion

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus species causes several diseases in humans with infection recurrence in some cases. Handling of food under unhygienic conditions resulted in transmission of pathogens to food leading to risks for consumers' health. This work studies the possible role of humans in transmission of human pathogens to food products. In this study, we focused on the presence of antimicrobial resistance Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae found in respiratory patients and in some meat products. We detected the risk factors for patient's infection and examined the antibacterial effect of oregano oil nanoemulsion (ONE) at different concentrations against the multi-drug resistance strains of streptococci. Materials and Methods: Microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction were used to identify S. pyogenes, S. mitis, and S. pneumoniae in 120 throat swab samples and 200 meat products. The disk diffusion method was used for investigating the prevalence of resistance against 10 antimicrobials that are commonly used in the treatment of humans and animals. ONE at four concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0%) with an average particle size of 45.4 nm was identified using transmission electron microscopy. The effect of ONE on Streptococcus species isolates was examined using the well diffusion method. Risk factors for human infection were detected using statistical analysis. Results: S. pyogenes, S. mitis, and S. pneumoniae were detected in 14 (11.7%), 9 (7.5%), and 7 (5.8%), respectively, of 120 throat swabs of patients. These bacteria were also detected in 11 (5.5%), 8 (4%), and 6 (3%), respectively, of 200 meat products samples. Beef luncheon had the highest infection rate for the three species of streptococci. The majority of these isolates showed resistance to antimicrobials such as tetracycline and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. ONE had an inhibitory effect on the growth of S. pyogenes, S. mitis, and S. pneumoniae, and its effect was significantly increased at a high concentration (3%), with a mean inhibition zone of 36.45±0.302 mm. Very young and old patients, those with chronic diseases, and those exposed to the infection several times were most susceptible to infection. Conclusion: ONE may be used as a therapeutic agent at safe and specific doses, and also in the food industry, to prevent the spoilage of food and protect human health.

Investigation of Common Bacterial Pathogens Leading to Urinary Tract Infections Among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: The risk of diabetic patients acquiring UTIs is higher than that of their non-diabetic counterparts. This is due to the damage on the urinary bladder nerves caused by high blood glucose levels. This nerve damage reduces the ability of the urinary bladder to sense the presence of urine in it. As a result, urine stays for a long time in the bladder, increasing the growth of the bacteria in urine. UTI’s may lead to emphysematous pyelonephritis, cystitis in females, renal and perirenal abscess, papillary necrosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and fungal infections. There is limited knowledge about the bacteria affecting diabetic patients in Uganda. Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, 76 diabetic patients at Our Lady of Consolata Kisubi Hospital had their urine samples collected and analyzed for the presence of uro-bacterial pathogens in the microbiology laboratory at the University of Kisubi. Patients were instructed on how to collect midstream urine, which were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. The bacteria were identified according to colony size, shape, and hemolysis. Several biochemical tests were used to confirm the presence of the different bacteria strains from the individual subcultured colonies Results Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacterium associated with UTIs in diabetes mellitus with an abundance of 42.3 %. This was followed by Klebsiella species with 21.1%, Staphylococcus aureus with 14.1%, Streptococcus species at 11.76%, Proteus species at 5.8%, Enterococcus faecalis at 3.5%, and Serratia marcescens with 1.17%. Female diabetic patients were found to be more infected with uropathogenic than their male diabetic counterparts. Conclusion and recommendations: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Proteus species, Serratia marcescens, and Enterococcus faecalis were identified to be commonly found in the urine of patients with diabetes mellitus. More screening and early management of such infections are needed in Sub-Saharan Africa.