Pengembangan Tes Matematika dengan Konteks COVID-19 untuk Siswa SMP/MTs Kelas VIII

This study aims to develop a mathematics test with the COVID-19 context to measure the student's skill competencies in grade VIII SMP/MTs. This study was a research development by following the test development procedures: compiling blueprints, writing items, reviewing questions, testing, analyzing the results of trials, and revising. The developed test consists of multiple-choice items with four options. These items were validated content by three experts (teacher, lecturer, and mathematics trainer) and were tested to 86 students. This study developed a mathematics test set with the COVID-19 context consisting of ten items that experts declared valid. Trial of ten items showed two items (numbers 7 and 6), which were not good. Item number 7 was too easy, while item number 6 was not good in the discrimination index. Besides, the two distractors in item number 7 did not work correctly. The estimated coefficient of reliability of the measurement results was quite high, indicated by a coefficient value of 0.658. The items that were not good have been revised by modifying the items so that the index of difficulty and discrimination look good. Useful and revised items were assembled into a mathematics test set for grade VIII students.

Zdolność sądowa podmiotów ogólnego prawa cywilnego materialnego

Judicial capacity consists in the transposing of substantive law subjectivity to proceedings under civil law in a form allowing valid proceedings closing with a judgment, said proceedings involving the participation of a specific entity. A party without capacity for the status of specific subjective rights or legal relationship cannot expect to participate in a valid trial closing with a judgment. Three categories of entities with general legal capacity – private individuals (natural persons), legal persons, and organisational units as stipulated by provisions of Article 64 §11 of the Civil Proceedings Code – have been equipped with judicial capacity, as they can be party to legal relations constituting the subject of action. The participation of such entities in proceedings under civil law – while potentially concerning any case – shall only apply to cases under civil law wherein entities as duly indicated act to protect their legal circumstances associated with events potentially occurring prior to the commencement of judicial proceedings. They should only appear as parties in civil cases involving their activities on their own behalf and to their own benefit.

The rationale for the NEOCOR study: A new paradigm in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

17146 Background: Most patients with locally advanced NSCLC die of systemic disease. (Chevalier et al JNCI 1991). Concurrent chemoRT + adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care based on a metaanalysis comparing sequential chemoRT and Concurrent chemoRT, with median survival increased by 3 months. (Hak Choy ASCO 2003) The aim is to critically review all the sequential trials and the metaanalysis against a scientifically valid criteria. Methods: A scientifically valid trial comparing the two approaches: sequential chemoRT versus Concurrent chemoRT needs to have equivalent chemotherapy in both arms. It also needs to have equivalent chemoRT in both arms. There needs to be an adequate course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (at least 4 cycles) in the sequential chemoRT arm. All the relevant sequential chemoRT versus concurrent chemoRT trials are critically reviewed. Results: The sequential chemoRT trials had an average of 2 cycles of chemotherapy before radiation. (Dillman et al CALGB B 8433, Sause et al ECOG 4588, Schaakee - Koning et al NEJM 1992). The Hak Choy metaanalysis is not a comparison of the two approaches: sequential chemoRT versus concurrent chemoRT. The WJLCG Furuse trial had more intensive chemotherapy in the concurrent arm. The GLOT-GFPC study had Etoposide chemotherapy on the concurrent arm. The LAMP study, Zatloukal - Zemanova study & RTOG 9410 all had 2 cycles of chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy or concurrent chemoRT. SWOG 9504 using Cisplatin + Etoposide concurrent with Radiotherapy and adjuvant Docetaxel suggests that systemic treatment is important along with concurrent chemoRT. Betticher et al ( JCO 2003) showed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy with Docetaxel + Cisplatin achieves a 19% complete pathological response & overall 66% response rate. Conclusions: Most patients with locally advanced NSCLC still die of systemic disease. Sequential chemoRT trials did not have adequately intensive chemotherapy regimens.Concurrent ChemoRT is a better form of RT. The author proposes a phase II trial of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with 4 cycles of Docetaxel 85 mg/m2 D1+ Cisplatin 50 mg/m2 D1 & 2 followed by 2 cycles of Concurrrent Chemoradiotherapy with Cisplatin 50 mg/m2 D1 & D8 + Etoposide 50 mg/m2 D1–5 concurrent with 61 Gy of Radiotherapy as a new paradigm in Locally advanced NSCLC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.