Analisa Kehilangan Minyak (Oil Losses) Pada Proses Produksi Di Pt X

Palm oil is one of the crops that produce crude palm oil (CPO). Losses or loss of production is generally a natural thing in the palm oil processing process. Oil losses are the loss of the amount of oil that should be obtained from the results of a process but the oil cannot be obtained or is lost. The loss rate for palm oil is the amount of oil that is not taken up in the processing. The oil that is not taken is partly wasted into the boiler as fuel (oil from fiber). Oil losses are the loss of the amount of oil that should be obtained from the results of a process but the oil cannot be obtained or is lost. In testing oil losses using the socket extraction method. Soxlet extraction is a continuous extraction technique using a soxhlet, with the principle of distillation of solvent from the flask to the cooler, then dripping wet and immersing the sample located in the center of the soxlet apparatus.

Numerical Simulation of Continuous Extraction of Li+ from High Mg2+/Li+ Ratio Brines Based on Free Flow Ion Concentration Polarization Microfluidic System

Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is a promising mechanism for concentrating and/or separating charged molecules. This work simulates the extraction of Li+ ions in a diluted high Mg2+/Li+ ratio salt lake brines based on free flow ICP focusing (FF-ICPF). The model solution of diluted brine continuously flows through the system with Li+ slightly concentrated and Mg2+ significantly removed by ICP driven by external pressure and perpendicular electric field. In a typical case, our results showed that this system could focus Li+ concentration by ~1.28 times while decreasing the Mg2+/Li+ ratio by about 85% (from 40 to 5.85). Although Li+ and Mg2+ ions are not separated as an end product, which is preferably required by the lithium industry, this method is capable of decreasing the Mg2+/Li+ ratio significantly and has great potential as a preprocessing technology for lithium extraction from salt lake brines.

Energy-saving technology for betulin extraction from birch bark waste

The paper presents experimental studies on the extraction of betulin from birch bark by one-stage extraction method in a flask with a reflux condenser and extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. It is found that the highest betulin yield (up to 40 %) is achieved by extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with periodic renewal of the extractant. The kinetic dependences obtained in the course of the research allows constructing an equilibrium dependence necessary to determine the rational number of phase contact stages when designing an industrial continuous extraction plant. On the basis of the studies carried out, a scheme of energy and resource-saving technology for extracting betulin from birch wood waste is proposed and a pilot plant is developed, which can be used to work out the modes of obtaining high-purity betulin. The absence of losses of organic extractants and the reuse of Florentine water determines the ecological purity of production. Refined birch bark can be used for the production of wood-polymer composite materials or as a fuel for generating thermal energy, which reflects the energy and resource-saving potential of this technology.

Essential Oils of Four Virginia Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) Varieties Grown in North Alabama

Virginia mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) is a peppermint-flavored aromatic herb of the Lamiaceae and is mainly used for culinary, medicinal, aromatic, and ornamental purposes. North Alabama’s climate is conducive to growing mint for essential oils used in culinary, confectionery, and medicinal purposes. There is, however, a need for varieties of P. virginianum that can be adapted and easily grown for production in North Alabama. Towards this end, four field-grown varieties with three harvesting times (M1H1, M1H2, M1H3; M2H1, M2H2, M2H3; M3H1, M3H2, M3H3, M4H1, M4H2, M4H3) were evaluated for relative differences in essential oil yield and composition. Thirty-day-old greenhouse-grown plants of the four varieties were transplanted on raised beds in the field at the Alabama A & M University Research Station in North Alabama. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications. The study’s objective was to compare the four varieties for essential oil yield and their composition at three harvest times, 135, 155, and 170 days after planting (DAP). Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation with continuous extraction with dichloromethane using a Likens–Nickerson apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. At the first harvest, the essential oil yield of the four varieties showed that M1H1 had a yield of 1.15%, higher than M2H1, M3H1, and M4H1 with 0.91, 0.76, and 1.03%, respectively. The isomenthone concentrations increased dramatically through the season in M1 (M1H1, M1H2, M1H3) by 19.93, 54.7, and 69.31%, and M3 (M3H1, M3H2, M3H3) by 1.81, 48.02, and 65.83%, respectively. However, it increased only slightly in M2 and M4. The thymol concentration decreased slightly but not significantly in all four varieties; the thymol in M2 and M4 was very high compared with M1 and M3. The study showed that mountain mint offers potential for production in North Alabama. Two varieties, M1 and M3, merit further studies to determine yield stability, essential oil yield, composition, and cultivation development practices.