Advanced Endoscopic Technologies to Improve the Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. The main quality indicator of colonoscopy is the adenoma detection rate, which is inversely associated with the risk of interval CRC and the risk of death from this neoplasia. In the setting of CRC prevention, diagnostic colonoscopy has undergone a remarkable evolution in the past 20 years. Hand in hand with the implementation of CRC prevention programs and technological advances, we are now able to identify tiny and subtle neoplastic lesions and predict their histology with great efficiency. In this article, we briefly review the endoscopy technologies that can be used to improve the detection and characterization of colorectal polyps.

Đánh giá kết quả sớm điều trị ung thư đại tràng bằng phẫu thuật nội soi

TÓM TẮT Đặt vấn đề: Ung thư đại tràng là một bệnh lý hay gặp ở Việt Nam, đứng hàng thứ hai sau ung thư dạ dày trong ung thư đường tiêu hóa. Điều trị ung thư đại tràng chủ yếu là phẫu thuật cắt đoạn đại tràng mang theo khối u kèm hạch và hóa chất bỗ trợ. Phẫu thuật nội soi điều trị ung thư đại tràng mang lại nhiều hiệu quả và ngày càng được ứng dụng rộng rãi. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu tiến cứu, lâm sàng mô tả 35 bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán là ung thư đại tràng được phẫu thuật nội soi tại bệnh viện Trung ương Huế cơ sở 2 từ tháng 1/2019 đến 6/2021. Kết quả: Tuổi trung bình 62,4 ± 17,8 (34 - 82), giới tính nam/nữ: 1,2. Vị trí u bao gồm: u đại tràng phải chiếm 31,4%, đại tràng ngang 11,5%, đại tràng trái 25,7%, đại tràng sigma 31,4%. Hình ảnh quan sát qua nội soi đại tràng thể sùi chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất 82,9%. Nồng độ CEA tăng trước mổ chiếm 42,9%. Theo TNM u tập trung ở giai đoạn II, III chiếm tỉ lệ cao nhất 80%. Thời gian phẫu thuật trung bình: 168,7 ± 31,4 phút, thời gian nằm viện sau mổ trung bình: 10,8 ± 4,9 ngày. Tai biến trong mổ không có, biến chứng sớm sau phẫu thuật có 5/35 bệnh nhân nhiễm trùng vết mổ. Kết luận: Phẫu thuật nội soi điều trị ung thư đại tràng là một phương pháp hiệu quả, an toàn, tỉ lệ tai biến và biến chứng sau mổ ít. ABSTRACT OPERATIVE OUTCOMES OF LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY FOR COLON CANCER Background: Colon cancer is a common disease in Vietnam, ranking second after gastric cancer in gastrointestinal cancers. Treatment of colon cancer is mainly based on surgery to excise the colon with tumor and adjuvant chemotherapy. Laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer increasingly shows its effectiveness and is widely used. Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was conductedon 35 patients with colon cancer who were treated by laparoscopicsurgery at the Hue Central Hospital - Branch 2 from January 2019 to June 2021. Result: The mean age was 62.4 ± 17.8 (34 - 82); the male/ female ratio was 1.2. The sites of cancer were: right colon 31.4%; transverse colon 11.5%; left colon 25.7%; sigma colon 31.4%. Protrusive tumors were accounted for 82.9% by diagnostic colonoscopy. Elevation of CEA serum level wasfound in 42.9% preoperatively. TNM stage of II and III were the most 80%. The mean operativetime was 168.7 ± 31.4 minutes. The mean duration of hospitalization was 10.8 ± 4.9 days. No intraoperative complications were found. The rate of wound infection was 14.3%. Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer is a safe and effective surgical technique with less postoperative pain and a low rate of postoperative complications. Keywords: Colon cancer, laparoscopic.

Prioritisation of colonoscopy services in colorectal cancer screening programmes to minimise impact of COVID-19 pandemic on predicted cancer burden: A comparative modelling study

Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening with a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) has been disrupted in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Performing catch-up of missed screens while maintaining regular screening services requires additional colonoscopy capacity that may not be available. This study aimed to compare strategies that clear the screening backlog using limited colonoscopy resources. Methods A range of strategies were simulated using four country-specific CRC natural-history models: Adenoma and Serrated pathway to Colorectal CAncer (ASCCA) and MIcrosimulation SCreening ANalysis for CRC (MISCAN-Colon) (both in the Netherlands), Policy1-Bowel (Australia) and OncoSim (Canada). Strategies assumed a 3-month screening disruption with varying recovery period lengths (6, 12, and 24 months) and varying FIT thresholds for diagnostic colonoscopy. Increasing the FIT threshold reduces the number of referrals to diagnostic colonoscopy. Outcomes for each strategy were colonoscopy demand and excess CRC-related deaths due to the disruption. Results Performing catch-up using the regular FIT threshold in 6, 12 and 24 months could prevent most excess CRC-related deaths, but required 50%, 25% and 12.5% additional colonoscopy demand, respectively. Without exceeding usual colonoscopy demand, up to 60% of excess CRC-related deaths can be prevented by increasing the FIT threshold for 12 or 24 months. Large increases in FIT threshold could lead to additional deaths rather than preventing them. Conclusions Clearing the screening backlog in 24 months could avert most excess CRC-related deaths due to a 3-month disruption but would require a small increase in colonoscopy demand. Increasing the FIT threshold slightly over 24 months could ease the pressure on colonoscopy resources.

EP.FRI.978 Colonoscopy perforation: A single centre experience

Aims Colonic perforation is an adverse event of colonoscopy. This is around 1/1500 in diagnostic colonoscopy, 1/500 in polypectomy procedures & 1/50 in EMR procedure. This study is to evaluate the management of colonic perforation at a single centre. Methods Colonoscopy carried out on patients with colorectal cancer symptoms, family history, colorectal cancer & polyp surveillance. Retrospective study carried out since 2012 on all colonoscopies with evaluation of colonoscopy perforation. Conclusion 7 colonoscopy perforations encountered over 8 years, with incidence of 0.03 - 0.06 % per year. Surgery undertaken in 5 cases with concomitant disease bowel (2 IBD’s & 3 diverticulitis). 2 cases of conservative management. Surgical resection of diseased bowel occurred in 4 cases with 4 cases of diversion stoma. One case of diversion stoma was subsequently reversed, whilst other 2 case were deemed medically unfit. Colonoscopy is carried out by JAG accredited endoscopists. Colonic perforation during colonoscopy is increased in: polypectomy (right colonic), therapeutic EMR, diseased bowel (IBD, diverticular disease), challenging colons. Management of colonoscopy perforation should individualized with early clinical & radiological diagnosis.

Post colonoscopy colonic perforation with parietal abscess: a rare case report

Colonoscopy is a common method of diagnosing colon and rectum illnesses. Complications from colonoscopy are rare. However, perforation is one of the most common problems observed. The incidence is 0.005-0.085 percent. Extraperitoneal and mixed postcolonoscopy colonic perforations are classified as intraperitoneal, extraperitoneal and both combined. Extraperitoneal perforation is rare and frequently accompanied with subcutaneous emphysema and retroperitoneal abscess. Contrast CT scan is the most effective diagnostic and therapy tool. A parietal abscess after colonoscopy is quite rare. Only one incidence of post-colonoscopy retroperitoneal colonic perforation with parietal abscess has been reported. An unusual case of colonic perforation after diagnostic colonoscopy was presented with a parietal abscess on the left iliac area. The patient, a 63-year-old diabetic male, had a diagnostic colonoscopy for intestinal irregularity. Afternoon severe ache over left iliac region brought patient to doctor. Nothing notable was discovered. So, they prescribed symptomatic drugs. Symptomatic medications were prescribed but without any relief. An abdominal contrast CT was recommended to him by his doctor after a few days. This retro muscular accumulation in the left transverses abdominis muscle communicated with the sigmoid colon. No signs of peritonitis or septicemia. Patient was stable. The aspirated fluid was sent for culture and sensitivity testing, and intravenous hydration and antibiotics were commenced. Patient tolerated conservative care. The subject was discharged in 2 weeks. Diagnosis and treatment of perforation are critical to recovery.

Colorectal cancer in patients with single versus double positive faecal immunochemical test results: A retrospective cohort study from a public tertiary hospital

Background Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) using the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) is widely advocated. Few studies have compared the rate of detecting colonoscopic pathologies in single compared to double FIT-positive follow-up colonoscopy-compliant individuals in a two-sample national FIT screening program. Objective To compare CRC incidence in double FIT-positive versus single FIT-positive individuals using a retrospective cohort of patients from a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Data was extracted from one public tertiary hospital in Singapore. Participants 1,422 FIT-positive individuals from the national FIT screening program who were referred to the hospital from 1st January 2017 to 31st March 2020 for follow-up consultation and diagnostic colonoscopy. Measurements The exposure of interest was a positive result on both FIT kits. The main outcome was a follow-up diagnostic colonoscopy finding of CRC. The secondary outcome was a diagnostic colonoscopy finding of a colorectal polyp. Results Incidence density of CRC was 1.15 and 13.10 per 100,000 person-months, in the single and double FIT-positive group, respectively. This resulted in an incidence rate ratio of 11.40 (95% CI = 4.34, 35.09). Colorectal polyp detection was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the double (103 of 173 participants; 59.5%) compared to the single (279 of 671 participants; 41.6%) FIT-positive group. Limitations The key limitation of this study was the relatively small cohort derived from a single tertiary hospital, as this had the effect of limiting the number of incident cases, resulting in comparatively imprecise CIs. Conclusions Double FIT-positive individuals are significantly more likely to have a colonoscopy finding of incident CRC or premalignant polyp than single FIT-positive individuals. Clinicians and policymakers should consider updating their CRC screening protocols accordingly.