Accident rate and degree of consistency on roads in a mountainous area of Perú

En el Perú, según los reportes históricos, la infraestructura vial no constituye un motivo de accidentes de tránsito; a pesar de que, según el estado del arte, los accidentes de tránsito se encuentran entre los diez primeros motivos de accidentes mortales a nivel mundial, hecho que es aún más visible en los países subdesarrollados. Los estudios sobre relieves montañosos (realidad de los países andinos) y para vehículos de carga son escasos. Por esta razón, se tomó como unidad de análisis una vía principal correspondiente a la red vial nacional, el objetivo fue establecer el nivel de consistencia de las vías de estudio y su incidencia en los accidentes de tránsito. Para ello, se establecieron los tramos críticos y su correspondencia con los accidentes de tráfico; se incorporaron al análisis tres tipos de vehículos (ligeros, de pasajeros y de carga); se utilizó la metodología de análisis de consistencia, en su modalidad de velocidad de operación para establecer los tramos críticos; se analizó la carretera bajo el criterio local y el criterio continuo. Los resultados muestran que existen tramos inconsistentes; el criterio local explica mejor la inconsistencia de la unidad de análisis respecto al criterio continuo. Con la regresión de Poisson, el modelo integral es significativo; las variables independientes optimizan conjuntamente el modelo. In Peru, according to historical reports, road infrastructure does not constitute a reason for traffic accidents; despite the fact that, according to the state of the art, traffic accidents are among the top ten reasons for fatal accidents worldwide, a fact that is even more visible in underdeveloped countries. Studies on mountainous reliefs (reality of the Andean countries) and for cargo vehicles are scarce. For this reason, a main road corresponding to the national road network was taken as the unit of analysis, the objective was to establish the level of consistency of the study roads and their incidence in traffic accidents. To this end, the critical sections and their correspondence with traffic accidents were established; three types of vehicles (light, passenger and cargo) were incorporated into the analysis; the consistency analysis methodology was used, in its operating speed modality to establish the critical sections; the road was analyzed under the local criterion and the continuous criterion. The results show that there are inconsistent sections; the local criterion explains better the inconsistency of the unit of analysis with respect to the continuous criterion. With Poisson regression, the integral model is significant; the independent variables jointly optimize the model.

COORDINATE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE GROUND SPEED OF THE VESSEL BY VECTORS AND DISPLACEMENT OF RELATIVE SPEEDS

During the movement of the vessel along the route there is a problem of observation of natural and man-made obstacles, which is solved by modernizing the management using enavigation. Intensification of the movement process is provided by increasing the number and frequency of observations according to static criteria. In this case, the methods of graphical and analytical calculation of the path are the basis of navigation, forcing a return to the local criterion, which reflects the full physical nature of the process. The calculation of the vessel's path on the route is carried out according to the rule of the polygon, the sides of which are the vectors of the speed of the path, the vessel and perturbations (wind, waves, current). The main problem is the accuracy of determining the magnitude of the perturbation vector. The inaccuracy of the definition leads to the extension of the vessel's path, which contributes to energy and financial losses for transport support and maintenance of the vessel. The aim of the study is to create a reliable, fast and accurate (innovative) way to determine the characteristics of rectilinear gradual uniform motion of the vessel, which features three speed vectors: perturbation, relative and absolute velocities. The object of study was the process of ship movement, and the subject - the elements (parameters) of movement. The article determines the forecast parameters with a minimum of a priori information at the beginning of the vessel: the sequence of determining the angles of the speed triangle is determined, the sides (modules) of the speed triangle are determined, the order of determining the coordinates of the vertices of the velocity triangle is established. This allows to solve more complex problems of graph-analytical and mechatronic calculus and observation of translational and rotational motion of the vessel along the route and to improve control to reduce risk on the course of disturbances in "big" real time, with variable intervals of observations, approaching invariant and robust control. The advantage of the coordinate method is to solve the problem of determining the parameters of vectors by methods of analytical geometry more accurate, proven and simple in comparison with empirical dependencies, as well as geometric constructions

Factors affecting the quality of external auditing services

This study is aim to adopt knowledge the specific concept to external audit quality and which are the factors that affecting on those qualities in the State of Iraq. As well as, to knowledge the range of depend this job in Iraq on international or local criterion to external audit quality or not. Also, to identify the satisfaction of interested parties about job of audit on service of external audit or not. According to viewpoint external audit the workers in this job and interested parties about external audit in Iraq where practice the profession of external audit under the supervision and control of the board of the profession consists of members appointed by the government ministries no are elected. The study reached to a set of many conclusions, most important of all that the realization external audit in Iraq for importance of external audit quality. Although no existence no concept of specific criterion for quality, whether international or local. Therefore, this study recommends a set of recommendations necessary to adopt uniform criterion for the quality of the external audit job in Iraq, whether international or local, to achieve high quality in audit services and achieving satisfaction of interested parties on those services.