Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Germline IDH2 and IDH3 mutations That Predispose to Myeloid Neoplasms

Background: Somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2MT) occur in up to 20% of certain types of myeloid neoplasms, chiefly MDS, MDS/MPN overlap and AML. These mutations induce a metabolic rewiring of cancer cells that affects alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG)-dependent dioxygenases such as TET2 DNA demethylases and Jumanji histone demethylases, which leads to global DNA and chromatin hypermethylation and leukemogenesis. In addition to somatic IDH1/2MT, germline IDH1/2MT occur in the context of Ollier and Maffucci syndromes which predispose to cartilaginous tumors and D 2HG aciduria, which predisposes to brain tumors. We hypothesized that germline mutations in IDH1/2 or the functionally related IDH3 may predispose to myeloid neoplasms. Methods: From 409 patients with MDS, MPN or AML, tumor samples from the myeloid compartment and germline samples from CD3+ lymphocytes were subjected to whole-exome sequencing. Myeloid cells were adhered to microscopy slides and maximal IDH3, IDH1/2 and, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was determined using quantitative enzyme cytochemistry. Results: In 409 patients with myeloid diseases, we found 8 patients with germline variants in IDH2 or IDH3. Combined, these variants occur more frequently in these 409 patients with myeloid neoplasms than in the general population (OR = 4.05, P=.0024), suggesting that germline IDH2/3MT predispose for myeloid diseases (Table 1). Of note, germline IDH2/3MT were completely mutually exclusive with somatic TET2MT, suggesting overlapping functions. Notably, all but one of these variants were indicated by two independent software programs to be deleterious for the enzymatic activity. To validate this, we determined maximal IDH3 activity in myeloid cells derived from a 47-year old AML patient with a germline IDH3MT (c.G626A, p.G209E) (and family history of leukemia) and her sister with IDH3WT. Maximal IDH3 activity was downregulated in the IDH3MT sample, while maximal IDH1/2, G6PD and GDH activity were unchanged (Fig. 1). 1 patient had a family history of MDS and 3 patients had a family history of colon, prostrate, gastric, lung and head and neck carcinoma in multiple family members. One patient had 4 family members affected with different cancers. The high age of the affected patients suggest that although germline IDH2/3MT may predispose to myeloid neoplasms, the development of disease occurs slowly. Discussion: Whereas somatic IDH2MT are common in MDS and other myeloid neoplasms, somatic IDH3MT are not frequently observed, nor in myeloid neoplasms, nor in other types of cancer that are regularly affected by IDH1/2MT. We show that deleterious germline IDH2/3MT may predispose to myeloid neoplasms and we postulate that this may occur via decreases in IDH2/3 activity. IDH3G209E is deleterious for IDH3 enzymatic function and may decrease intracellular aKG levels. This will restrict the function of aKG-dependent dioxygenases such as TET2 and Jumonji and mimic somatic IDH1/2MT and somatic inactivating TET2MT. This suggests that IDH1/2/3 are key enzymes and aKG is a central metabolite in maintaining normal function in myeloid cells. Given the family histories of 5/8 of the affected patients, screenings for germline IDH2/3 variants may reveal novel recurring IDH2/3MT that relate to various types of cancer. Representative photomicrographs of primary IDH3G209E MDS and IDH3WT myeloid cells after staining IDH3 activity in the presence of various isocitrate concentrations, IDH2 activity (1 mM isocitrate) and GDH activity (5 mM glutamate) using quantitative enzyme cytochemistry. The conversion of colorless tetrazolium salt to the purple formazan directly reflects enzyme activity thus darker cells have a higher maximal activity of the investigated enzyme. Table 1. Clinical characteristics from 6 patients with germline IDH2/3MT for which clinical information was available. Patient ID Age Diagnosis Gender OS (months) Variant SNP nr Occurrence in general population 1 50 RCMD F 23 IDH2T495M rs118053940 0,004848 2 66 CMML-1 M 46 IDH3AR360C rs116374996 0,004161 3 49 RAEB-1 F 16 IDH3BR359W rs377682152 0,000154 4 70 RCMD M 67 IDH2T495M rs118053940 0,004848 5 76 MDS-U F 17 IDH3BR334W rs374613588 0,00008 6 75 sAML M 5 IDH2R261H rs118101777 0,00177 Figure 1. Germline IDH3G209E mutation decreases maximal IDH3 activity, but not maximal IDH2 or GDH activity. Figure 1. Germline IDH3G209E mutation decreases maximal IDH3 activity, but not maximal IDH2 or GDH activity. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The nervous systems of Tylodelphys metacercariae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) from the catfish Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae) in freshwater habitats of Tanzania

The nervous systems of three Tylodelphys metacercariae (T. mashonense, Tylodelphys spp. 1 and 2) co-occurring in the cranial cavity of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were examined by the activity of acetylthiocholine iodide (AcThI), with the aim of better understanding the arrangement of sensillae on the body surface and the nerve trunks and commissures, for taxonomic purposes. Enzyme cytochemistry demonstrated a comparable orthogonal arrangement in the three metacercariae: the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of a pair of cerebral ganglia, from which anterior and posterior neuronal pathways arise and inter-link by cross-connectives and commissures. However, the number of transverse nerves was significantly different in the three diplostomid metacercariae: Tylodelphys sp. 1 (30), Tylodelphys sp. 2 (21) and T. mashonense (15). The observed difference in the nervous system of the three metacercariae clearly separates them into three species. These findings suggest that consistent differences in the transverse nerves of digenean metacercariae could enable the differentiation of metacercariae to the species level in the absence of molecular techniques. This, however, might require further testing on a larger number of species of digenean metacercariae.