Emergence of 4-D System Fundamental Diagram in Urban Air Mobility Traffic Flow

Urban air mobility (UAM) is an emerging mode that promises to provide relief to congested urban streets. UAM relies on airspace, however, which is an exhaustible resource considering minimum aircraft separation requirements. In light of these requirements and UAM vehicle attributes, a simulation is developed to explore UAM traffic flows and congestion development. A decentralized conflict resolution scheme is employed in the form of a non-linear program (NLP) to offer improved flexibility in detours relative to past aircraft simulations. An expansion of Edie’s definitions of density and flow rate are used in conjunction with average speed to explore the relationships between traffic flow characteristics. The results find that UAM traffic flows emulate those of other modes, by following the familiar traffic patterns of build-up and breakdown captured in the macroscopic fundamental diagram. These findings also suggest the presence of a capacity of airspace that should be carefully managed by operators to achieve optimal system performance. The relationships established in this study highlight issues that UAM operators and aviation planners may face and could be used to improve the vehicle traffic modeling of other UAM models.

ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA: UM DIAGNÓSTICO PRELIMINAR DAS LEGISLAÇÕES BRASILEIRAS VIGENTES

<p>As águas subterrâneas são recursos esgotáveis e a sua exploração desregrada pode acarretar uma série de problemas socioeconômicos e ambientais. Assim, as bases conceituais e os instrumentos de gestão propostos pela legislação são fundamentais para a conservação e utilização adequada deste recurso. Cabe destacar que, no Brasil, a competência para gestão das águas subterrâneas é do órgão estadual. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é inventariar e avaliar os desafios e avanços da legislação vigente em cada Estado brasileiro e do Distrito Federal em relação à gestão das águas subterrâneas. Para tanto, analisaram-se as Políticas Estaduais de Recursos Hídricos, além de Leis e Decretos que tratam do assunto, ademais, buscou-se observar na bibliografia disponível as questões que vêm sendo abordadas sobre este tema. Os resultados obtidos demonstram distinções entre os Estados brasileiros na gestão deste recurso natural. Alguns Estados apresentam um conjunto mais adequado de instrumentos voltados à gestão das águas subterrâneas, enquanto outros se limitam à utilização de outorga de direito do uso da água. Além disso, constatou-se, de forma geral, o grande desafio de inclusão da comunidade no processo de gestão de águas subterrâneas. Dessa forma, a população não tem a consciência da necessidade urgente de conservação e utilização sustentável desse recurso. Os Estados brasileiros precisam, igualitariamente, gerir as águas subterrâneas de modo participativo, descentralizado e levando em consideração suas peculiaridades e desafios.</p><p> </p><p>GROUNDWATER: A PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSIS OF CURRENT BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Groundwater is an exhaustible resource and its uncontrolled exploitation can lead to a series of socioeconomic and environmental problems. Thus, the conceptual bases and management tools proposed by the legislation are fundamental for the conservation and proper use of this resource. It is worth mentioning that in Brazil, the competence for the management of groundwater belongs to the state agency. Within this context, the objective of this research is to inventory and assess the challenges and advances in legislation in force in each Brazilian state and the Federal District in relation to groundwater management. To this end, the State Water Resources Policies were analyzed, in addition to the Laws and Decrees that deal with the subject, in addition, we sought to observe in the available bibliography, the issues that have been addressed on this topic. The results obtained demonstrate distinctions among Brazilian states in the management of this natural resource. Some states have a more adequate set of instruments aimed at groundwater management, while others are limited to the use of water rights. In addition, there was, in general, the great challenge of including the community in the groundwater management process. Thus, the population is not aware of the urgent need for conservation and sustainable use of this resource. Brazilian states need to manage groundwater in a participatory manner, decentralized considering its peculiarities and challenges.</p>

The Economic Transition Analysis of Resource-Dependent Cities

The Resource-dependent cities had made great contribution for the economic and social development for the regional economy progress. However, some of them are facing great crisis in the economic, social and environmental during to the exhaustible resource. The transformation of economy development mode and industrial structural regulation is the solution to the problem. In this paper, the author presents a system dynamics model for these cities in the economydevelopment.

Metaphorical Representation of Time in the English Renaissance Literature

The research focuses on metaphorical time representation in the English language in the Renaissance period. The author analyses such models as TIME is a CONTAINER, TIME is a MOVING OBJECT, TIME is a ROAD, TIME is a POSSESSION, and TIME is a MASTER, using G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s conceptual integration theory. In the frame of TIME is a ROAD metaphor, life is seen as the road along which a person moves from the point of her birth to the point of her death, with important events of her allocated on this road in a strict linear sequence. The person moves along the road of her life following the unidirectional vector of her life path, and various events and circumstances can move towards her on this road. In the case of TIME is a MOVING OBJECT model explication, time is an active dynamic subject, which is capable of changing both itself and the surrounding space. In the frame of TIME is a MASTER metaphor, time is seen as a possessor of the highest power. It affects people and their surroundings, it can help a person or prevent her from fulfilling her plans, execute a person or have mercy. TIME is a POSSESSION model represents time as money or an object which people can take, give, steal, sell, buy, spend, save, etc. Time is an exhaustible resource of the highest value. When TIME is a CONTAINER model is verbalized, time is capable of acting as a receptacle of events, feelings, etc. The author arrives at the conclusion that the main features of time perception in that period are its irreversibility, fleetness, value, its power to change reality or contain events. Time was often perceived as a master or an antagonist whom people tried to defeat but never could. This is the main difference between the explication of temporality in the Renaissance literature and its representation in the texts of earlier eras, when people believed that their fate was completely predetermined by higher powers. In the Renaissance period people seem to gain much greater inner freedom. Nevertheless, even when a person made attempts to fight her fate, she was not able to change the existing order of things, since it was seen as natural and predetermined by God.

Technology of receiving fresh water from forcedly saturated air through the use of solar energy

At present, as a result of climate change and man-caused impact on the environment, fresh drinking quality water deficit is observed in many regions of the world. The sufficiency of fresh water provides high quality of living, the stabilization of the internal and foreign political situation, especially in developing countries. A lot of fresh drinking quality water production technologies are known today. Most of them consume a significant amount of energy and pose a considerable danger to the environment. As a source of energy, as a rule, hydrocarbon raw material is used, which is an exhaustible resource. The authors developed a technology for obtaining fresh water of drinking quality from atmospheric air using the solar energy. The article provides a substantiation of the way of fresh water production from air and also describes the energy balance in its implementation.