The Factors Altering the Age of Onset of Menstruation among Adolescent Girls in Wardha Region

Introduction: Several studies have found that the most common age of menstruation onset has come down dramatically over the previous century, and that there has been a profane (with respect to time) tendency toward early menstruation onset in most metropolitan countries. Emerging economies, such as India, have also suffered a drop in recent years. The purpose of our study was to determine how diet and socioeconomic status influenced menarche age in this location. Methods: Following a simple random sampling among the schools, 100 girls between the ages of 10 and 15 were volunteered for this study. The girls were given a pre-designed questionnaire after receiving clearance and agreement from the school principal/class teacher. The female doctor gave the girls a brief examination. The age of the mother during menarche, as well as the family's socioeconomic situation and other characteristics, were all enquired about in depth. Results: Our study shows that the age of onset of menstruation in higher socioeconomic classes is lower as compared to Lower Socioeconomic class. No significant relation between BMI & type of food and usual age of onset of menstruation was seen in this study. Conclusions: As we progress from a lower to a better socioeconomic level, we see a trend of lowering the age of first menstrual flow. Because such data is scarce in this portion of India, more research must be conducted among girls from other parts of the state before the data can be compared to national figures.

The Indian Girl-Wife: Not Even a Woman, But Already a Wife

The institution of child marriage throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century not only stripped Indian girls of their agency, but also frequently denied them their education. In 1884, Rukhmabai, a young Indian girl of just eleven-years-old, was married to Dadaji Bhikaji, a man eight years older. Although Rukhmabai was able to resist the forced marriage and eventually went on to become India’s first female doctor, Rukhmabai’s victory was generally an anomaly of the time and reflected a tenacity to attain greater education. Throughout her writings, Rukhmabai expresses deep sadness from being denied the opportunity for an adequate education, and identifies female education as one of the chief disproportionate impacts of child marriage for girls. This project will trace the evolution of child marriage negotiations from the 1891 Age of Consent Act to the 1929 Child Marriage Restraint Act, specifically addressing the way that related discussions allowed Indian women to establish the importance of their adolescent years in their educational pursuit. By uncovering the voices of both child marriage victims and female reformers, we are able to garner an understanding of the changing Indian social landscape at the time and the way that Indian women negotiated their agency against the backdrop of globalization, the nationalist agenda, and caste, religious, and regional differences. This project will stress female adolescence as an evolving concept throughout twentieth century India, and will draw on the important relationship between education and female agency.

A Possible COVID-19 Reinfection Case in a Healthcare Professional

In these days when the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic is felt with all its severity, the findings of re-infection in people who have had COVID-19 disease have led to some questions about the natural immunity against this disease. Here, we report a possible COVID-19 reinfection. The second episode confirmed by RT-PCR with a more severe clinical picture one month after an incidentally detected first episode with mild symptoms of a doctor working as a microbiologist at a training research hospital. While a 47-year-old female doctor was working in a tertiary hospital serving as a reference hospital for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients, symptoms of sore throat, cough and runny nose appeared on October 25. The patient, with a history of chronic tendinitis, COPD, asthma and allergic rhinitis, attributed these symptoms to her previous clinical diagnosis and did not consider consulting a doctor or testing for COVID-19 due to the mild course of symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 Ig G antibodies were found to be positive in a screening study conducted on November 11 in the patient whose complaints resolved within a few days. RT-PCR performed thereafter was reported as negative. The RT-PCR test performed on December 2 of the patient who complained of fever and severe weakness, immediately after her colleague had COVID-19, was interpreted as positive. No signs of viral pneumonia were found in the thoracic CT when the cough complaint of the patient who received COVID-19 treatment did not improve. The patient's complaints regressed with the addition of phenocodine to her treatment, and the RT-PCR test on December 12 was reported as negative. Further analysis of the frequency and possible causes of COVID-19 reinfections will be needed in the near future. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, reinfection, coronavirus

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE AGE OF MENARCHE

INTRODUCTION : Various studies indicate that the average age of menarche has decreased significantly in the last 150 years, which there has been a secular (time-related) trend towards an earlier onset of menarche in most developed countries. In recent years, such a decline has also been observed in developing countries like India. The purpose of the present study was to asses the effect of food and social status on age of menarche in this region. METHODS: Study included 200 girls of age group between 9 to 14 on Voluntary basis after Simple Random Sampling around the schools . After obtaining permission and consent from the school Principal/ class teacher, a predesigned questionnaire was administered and girls were briefly examined by a female doctor. . Detail information about girls and their parents were taken to know the mother’s age at menarche and also to know the socioeconomic status of the family along with other details. RESULTS: Our study shows that age at menarche in higher socioeconomic classes is lower as compare to Lower Socioeconomic class. No significant association between BMI & type of food and average age of menarche was found in our study. CONCLUSIONS: The trend of lowering of age at menarche is well marked as we moved from lower and middle to higher socioeconomic stratum. There is paucity on such data from this region of India; hence further study needs to be done among girls from other areas of the state before the data can be extrapolated to the Indian statistics.

Factors Associated with Psychiatric Morbidity in Female Medical Doctors in Kwara State, North- Central, Nigeria

Introduction: The female doctor apart from being affected by the same variables that impose stress on the general population is also prone to stress because of the peculiarities of medical practice and the socio-cultural demands on them by virtue of their gender. Objectives: This study was aimed at assessing the personal, work-stress as well as family related factors in female doctors associated with psychiatric morbidity in female doctors in Kwara state. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving female medical doctors in Ilorin, Kwara State, North-Central, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to the Members of the state Chapter of the Medical Women’s Association of Nigeria (MWAN) who were present at the general and scientific meeting of the association held in Kwara state in June 2018. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire designed to assess biodata, personal history, work related stress, family related history and self-care history of the participants as well as the 12 item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) was distributed to 80 participants that consented. Results: The prevalence of 23.8% psychiatric morbidity found. Age, relationship with co-workers, feelings of frustration and anger at work, reconsidering a change in work environment, views of negative effect of stress on work as well as access to a maternity leave were found to be associated with psychiatric mobility. Conclusions: These findings underline the need to pay attention to the welfare of female doctors and a need for routine evaluation, early identification and prompt intervention as well as support.

Female Doctor, Mistriss Mary Scharlieb. - (Physician to the In-Patients New Hospital for Women.) Surgical Treatment of Uterine Myomata. - (British Med. Journ., 1895, 12 / i, p. 68) .- Surgical treatment of myom uterus

Mistriss Scharlieb performed 64 laparotomy, 20 of them - for myomas, are the subject of her report. From these 20 in 6 cases, the appendages were removed for the sake of stopping bleeding, in 13 - the tumor, uterus and appendages were removed, and in 1 - only the tumor. The first 6 recovered, the bleeding stopped in 5; of the rest, 14 two died from shock and 1 from a septic process.

Female doctor M. Volkova. A case of treatment of non-operated uterine fibroids by means of vibrations. (Proceedings of the General Russian doctors in St. Petersburg for 1893-1894, March)

Married, nulliparous, 35 years old, fell ill after severe traumatic injury. Nearby with a retroperitoneal tumor (partly interconnective in the direction of the left broad ligament), there was a whole series of common nervous disorders that went parallel with the decline in nutrition and exhaustion due to blood loss.

Female doctor M. A. Panfilovich. Three cases of embryotomy. (Collection of protocols General Kaluga doctors for 1893 Kaluga. 1894, p. 55)

The technique of embryos, according to the author, is not yet fully developed. In three cases of neglected transverse positions, the author had to successfully apply curved scissors on long handles.