peak oil
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2022 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 102407
Author(s):  
Krista Halttunen ◽  
Raphael Slade ◽  
Iain Staffell
Keyword(s):  
Peak Oil ◽  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Holloway ◽  
Ranald Kelly ◽  
Daniel Kay ◽  
Claire Gill ◽  
Masatoshi Ishibashi ◽  
...  

Abstract Increasing the recoverable reserves from oil fields by extracting from tar zones is becoming more desirable in the Middle East. One approach for improved definition of tar zones is to understand the factors which affected the deposition and distribution of asphaltenes within the target interval. In this paper we outline how integrated 1-D and 3-D basin modelling was used to identify the timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from the Jurassic source rock to charge a prolific Jurassic carbonate reservoir formation of an oil field, offshore Abu Dhabi, UAE and Qatar. The source rock is modelled to be in the peak oil mature window today, with the onset of oil generation from the Cenomanian to the Turonian, depending on modelled and assumed source rock kinetics. The onset of oil expulsion was from the earliest Paleocene. Measured bulk fluid parameters in the reservoir formation have a significantly higher Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) and elevated API gravity values when compared with predicted values. A possible mechanism to explain this discrepancy would be to invoke the contribution of higher GOR fluids from more mature source rocks within the fetch area of the field. Thermochemical sulphate reduction of anhydrite layers in the reservoir is predicted to have begun during the Eocene. Major uplift and erosion in the Oligocene and Mio-Pliocene significantly reduced reservoir pressure and temperature. This reduction in pressure and temperature is modelled to have caused precipitation of solids, gravity segregation and flocculation at the then oil-water contact, depositing the main tar zone and patchy tar in the reservoir beneath this zone as charge continued through time. We present a detailed review, interpretation and 3-D basin model; the first study of its kind conducted on this oil field. The 3-D basin model predicts the timing of the deposition and distribution of asphaltenes in the carbonate reservoirs of the studied field and demonstrate that local problems need to be understood in their regional context.


PalZ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Peter Duda ◽  
Hannah König ◽  
Manuel Reinhardt ◽  
Julia Shuvalova ◽  
Pavel Parkhaev

AbstractThe emergence and diversification of eukaryotes during the Proterozoic is one of the most fundamental evolutionary developments in Earth’s history. The ca. 1-billion-year-old Lakhanda Lagerstätte (Siberia, Russia) contains a wealth of eukaryotic body fossils and offers an important glimpse into their ecosystem. Seeking to complement the paleontological record of this remarkable lagerstätte, we here explored information encoded within sedimentary organic matter (total organic carbon = 0.01–1.27 wt.%). Major emphasis was placed on sedimentary hydrocarbons preserved within bitumens and kerogens, including molecular fossils (or organic biomarkers) that are specific to bacteria and eukaryotes (i.e. hopanes and regular steranes, respectively). Programmed pyrolysis and molecular organic geochemistry suggest that the organic matter in the analyzed samples is about peak oil window maturity and thus sufficiently well preserved for detailed molecular fossil studies that include hopanes and steranes. Together with petrographic evidence as well as compositional similarities of the bitumens and corresponding kerogens, the consistency of different independent maturity parameters establishes that sedimentary hydrocarbons are indigenous and syngenetic to the host rock. The possible presence of trace amounts of hopanes and absence of steranes in samples that are sufficiently well preserved to retain both types of compounds evidences an environment dominated by anaerobic bacteria with no or very little inputs by eukaryotes. In concert with the paleontological record of the Lakhanda Lagerstätte, our study adds to the view that eukaryotes were present but not significant in Mesoproterozoic ecosystems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma K. Bahman ◽  
◽  
Fowzia H. Abdullah ◽  
Abbas Saleh ◽  
Hossein Alimi ◽  
...  

The Lower Cretaceous Makhul Formation is one of the major petroleum source rocks in Kuwait. This study aims to evaluate the Makhul source rock for its organic matter richness and its relation to the rock composition and depositional environment. A total of 117 core samples were collected from five wells in Raudhatain, Ritqa, Mutriba, Burgan, and Minagish oil fields north and south Kuwait. The rock petrographical studies were carried out using a transmitted and polarized microscope, as well as SEM and XRD analyses on selected samples. Total organic matter TOC and elemental analyses were done for kerogen type optically. The GC and GC-MS were done as well as the carbon isotope ratio. The results of this study show that at its earliest time the Makhul Formation was deposited in an anoxic shallow marine shelf environment. During deposition of the middle part, the water oxicity level was fluctuating from oxic to anoxic condition due to changes in sea level. At the end of Makhul and the start of the upper Minagish Formation, the sea level raised forming an oxic open marine ramp depositional condition. Organic geochemical results show that the average TOC of the Makhul Formation is 2.39% wt. High TOC values of 6.7% wt. were usually associated with the laminated mudstone intervals of the formation. The kerogen is of type II and is dominated by marine amorphous sapropelic organic matter with a mixture of zoo- and phytoplankton and rare terrestrial particles. Solvent extract results indicate non-waxy oils of Mesozoic origin that are associated with marine carbonate rocks. The formation is mature and at its peak oil generation in its deepest part in north Kuwait.


2021 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 117843
Author(s):  
Louis Delannoy ◽  
Pierre-Yves Longaretti ◽  
David J. Murphy ◽  
Emmanuel Prados

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Gerda Hartl

Today’s distribution of residences and workplaces is a result of availability of cheap oil combined with human preferences for residence in low-density areas. Having reached Peak-Oil nowadays, common motorised mobility is under scrutiny: Not only its massive CO2 output but, most of all, its future scarcity demands urban and regional planning to anticipate the sustainable city of the future. In our work, we have looked at the city of Vienna, in which we have researched patterns of mobility regarding commuters. Our final goal is redensification as a means for transformation of the present state into a walkable city. To make that possible, our analysis provides insights into necessities of mode switching, according to the distances from workplaces. The model which we present is applicable not only to our research area, but to a variety of cities that want to achieve a sustainable settlement structure.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Rae Rudningen

<p>Transition initiatives offer support for responding to potential environmental inconveniences, such as peak oil and climate change. As an alternative to the dominant approach of shocking people into helplessness and denial, transition towns seek to inform people of the issues and discover appropriate responses. To verify whether transition towns as a movement encourage pro-environmental behaviour change, three case studies (Aro Valley, Lower Hutt, and Nelson) were considered to determine motivations, barriers, and actions in transition town members. Nine face-to-face informal interviews as well as two focus groups were conducted to appreciate participant experiences. A thematic analysis of these case studies was conducted to determine the extent pro-environmental behaviour and encouragement from transition towns was having an effect. The aforementioned objectives were discussed against pertinent literature to determine whether transition towns empowered participants to change to pro-environmental behaviour. Transition towns offer practical behaviour change steps and a supportive social environment which empowers pro-environmental behaviour change and increases individual and community resilience for an uncertain future.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Rae Rudningen

<p>Transition initiatives offer support for responding to potential environmental inconveniences, such as peak oil and climate change. As an alternative to the dominant approach of shocking people into helplessness and denial, transition towns seek to inform people of the issues and discover appropriate responses. To verify whether transition towns as a movement encourage pro-environmental behaviour change, three case studies (Aro Valley, Lower Hutt, and Nelson) were considered to determine motivations, barriers, and actions in transition town members. Nine face-to-face informal interviews as well as two focus groups were conducted to appreciate participant experiences. A thematic analysis of these case studies was conducted to determine the extent pro-environmental behaviour and encouragement from transition towns was having an effect. The aforementioned objectives were discussed against pertinent literature to determine whether transition towns empowered participants to change to pro-environmental behaviour. Transition towns offer practical behaviour change steps and a supportive social environment which empowers pro-environmental behaviour change and increases individual and community resilience for an uncertain future.</p>


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